Communications: Broadband - fixed subscriptions: subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
22 (2023 est.)
Communications: Broadband - fixed subscriptions: total
19.6 million (2023 est.)
Communications: Broadcast media
Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT) operates multiple TV and radio networks and stations; multiple privately owned national TV stations and 567 private regional and local TV stations; multi-channel cable TV available; 1,007 private radio stations (2019)
Communications: Internet country code
.tr
Communications: Internet users: percent of population
89.77% (2025 est.)
Communications: Telephones - fixed lines: subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
11 (2023 est.)
Communications: Telephones - fixed lines: total subscriptions
9.926 million (2023 est.)
Communications: Telephones - mobile cellular: subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
108 (2024 est.)
Communications: Telephones - mobile cellular: total subscriptions
94.3 million (2024 est.)
Economy: Agricultural products
sugar beets, wheat, milk, tomatoes, barley, maize, potatoes, apples, grapes, watermelons (2023)
Economy: Average household expenditures: on alcohol and tobacco
2.3% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Economy: Average household expenditures: on food
22.8% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Economy: Budget: expenditures
$382.998 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Budget: revenues
$330.21 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2013
-$49.329 billion (2013 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2014
-$32.110 billion (2014 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2015
-$21.354 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2016
-$22.165 billion (2016 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2017
-$35.141 billion (2017 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2018
-$14.603 billion (2018 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2019
$15.014 billion (2019 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2020
-$30.980 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2021
-$6.221 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2022
-$46.283 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2023
-$39.877 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2024
-$9.973 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: Debt - external: Debt - external 2022
$455.963 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Debt - external: Debt - external 2023
$149.654 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates
32.8059 (2024 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Currency
Turkish liras (TRY) per US dollar -
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2013
1.9038 (2013 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2014
2.1885 (2014 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2015
2.7200 (2015 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2016
3.0201 (2016 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2017
3.6481 (2017 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2018
4.8284 (2018 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2019
5.6738 (2019 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2020
7.0086 (2020 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2021
8.8504 (2021 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2022
16.5489 (2022 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2023
23.7386 (2023 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2024
32.8059 (2024 est.)
Economy: Exports - commodities
garments, cars, gold, refined petroleum, vehicle parts/accessories (2023)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2011
$198.304 billion (2011 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2014
$243.288 billion (2014 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2015
$218.795 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2016
$205.793 billion (2016 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2017
$229.268 billion (2017 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2018
$250.129 billion (2018 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2019
$256.263 billion (2019 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2020
$210.845 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2021
$294.429 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2022
$346.602 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2023
$357.588 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2024
$372.756 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: exports of goods and services
28% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: government consumption
14.7% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption
59.4% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: imports of goods and services
-27.8% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: investment in fixed capital
31% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: investment in inventories
-5.5% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture
5.6% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by sector of origin: industry
25.9% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by sector of origin: services
56.8% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - per capita (PPP)
$45,639 (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP (official exchange rate)
$1.323 trillion (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP (purchasing power parity) - real
$3.903 trillion (2024 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2015
42.9 (2015 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2016
41.9 (2016 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017
43.5 (2017 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018
42.4 (2018 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2019
43.8 (2019 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2020
43.0 (2020 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2021
44.4 (2021 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022
44.5 (2022 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2023
43.7 (2023 est.)
Economy: Household income or consumption by percentage share: highest 10%
35.2% (2022 est.)
Economy: Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%
2.1% (2022 est.)
Economy: Imports - commodities
gold, refined petroleum, cars, plastics, natural gas (2023)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2010
$198.402 billion (2010 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2015
$230.162 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2016
$219.777 billion (2016 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2017
$255.674 billion (2017 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2018
$245.158 billion (2018 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2019
$229.254 billion (2019 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2020
$232.192 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2021
$290.243 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2022
$383.7 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2023
$386.602 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2024
$367.022 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: Industrial production growth rate
2.2% (2024 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2015
7.67% (2015 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2016
7.78% (2016 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017
11.14% (2017 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018
16.33% (2018 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019
15.18% (2019 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020
12.28% (2020 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021
19.60% (2021 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022
72.31% (2022 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023
53.86% (2023 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024
58.51% (2024 est.)
Economy: Labor force
36.081 million (2024 est.)
Economy: Population below poverty line
13.00% (2024 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2013
31.78% (2013 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2014
31.12% (2014 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2016
30.08% (2016 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2017
29.57% (2017 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2018
29.40% (2018 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2019
33.46% (2019 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2020
41.04% (2020 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2021
41.64% (2021 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2022
35.33% (2022 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2023
33.25% (2023 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2014
$1.867 trillion (2014 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2015
$2.025 trillion (2015 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2016
$2.119 trillion (2016 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017
$2.277 trillion (2017 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019
$2.396 trillion (2019 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020
$2.436 trillion (2020 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021
$2.702 trillion (2021 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022
$2.783 trillion (2022 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023
$2.925 trillion (2023 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024
$3.018 trillion (2024 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2015
5.81% (2015 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2016
3.32% (2016 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2017
7.83% (2017 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2018
3.47% (2018 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2019
1.30% (2019 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2020
1.80% (2020 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2021
11.81% (2021 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2022
5.44% (2022 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2023
5.05% (2023 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2024
3.33% (2024 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2014
$24,193 (2014 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2015
$25,890 (2015 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2016
$26,731 (2016 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2017
$28,354 (2017 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2019
$29,016 (2019 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2020
$29,209 (2020 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2021
$32,106 (2021 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2022
$39,564 (2022 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2023
$42,786 (2023 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2013
$1.901 billion (2013 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2014
$1.739 billion (2014 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2015
$1.401 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2020
$816.0 million (2020 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2021
$726.0 million (2021 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2022
0.1% of GDP (2022 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2023
0.1% of GDP (2023 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2024
0.1% of GDP (2024 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2015
$110.490 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2016
$104.811 billion (2016 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2017
$107.657 billion (2017 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2018
$92.997 billion (2018 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2019
$105.620 billion (2019 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2020
$93.585 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021
$111.185 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022
$128.735 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023
$140.868 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024
$154.774 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: Taxes and other revenues
18.5% (of GDP) (2023 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2019
13.73% (2019 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2020
13.15% (2020 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2021
11.97% (2021 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2022
10.46% (2022 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2023
9.39% (2023 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2024
8.80% (2024 est.)
Economy: Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): female
21.2% (2024 est.)
Economy: Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): male
12.4% (2024 est.)
Economy: Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): total
15.6% (2024 est.)
Energy: Coal: consumption
124.183 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: exports
685,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: imports
41.119 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: production
82.534 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: proven reserves
10.975 billion metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity access: electrification - total population
100% (2022 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: biomass and waste
2.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: fossil fuels
57.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: geothermal
2.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: hydroelectricity
19.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: solar
6.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: wind
10.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: consumption
285.177 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: exports
1.993 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: imports
5.892 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: installed generating capacity
106.281 million kW (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: transmission/distribution losses
28.964 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Energy consumption per capita: Total energy consumption per capita 2023
70.521 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: consumption
50.211 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: exports
896.281 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: imports
50.484 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: production
807.281 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: proven reserves
3.794 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Energy: Nuclear energy: Number of nuclear reactors under construction
4 (2025)
Energy: Petroleum: crude oil estimated reserves
366 million barrels (2021 est.)
Energy: Petroleum: refined petroleum consumption
1.107 million bbl/day (2024 est.)
Energy: Petroleum: total petroleum production
83,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: from coal and metallurgical coke
155.26 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: from consumed natural gas
96.703 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: from petroleum and other liquids
147.211 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: total emissions
399.173 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Climate
temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior
Environment: Environmental issues
water pollution from dumping of chemicals and detergents; air pollution, particularly in urban areas; deforestation; land degradation; conservation of biodiversity
Environment: Geoparks: global geoparks and regional networks
Kula-Salihli (2023)
Environment: Geoparks: total global geoparks and regional networks
1
Environment: International environmental agreements: party to
Air Pollution, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
Environment: International environmental agreements: signed, but not ratified
Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Environmental Modification
Environment: Land use: agricultural land
50.1% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 26.3% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 4.8% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 19% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: forest
29.3% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: other
20.5% (2023 est.)
Environment: Particulate matter emissions
23.1 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Environment: Total renewable water resources
211.6 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Environment: Total water withdrawal: agricultural
56.127 billion cubic meters (2022)
Environment: Total water withdrawal: industrial
1.297 billion cubic meters (2022)
Environment: Total water withdrawal: municipal
7.144 billion cubic meters (2022)
Environment: Urbanization: rate of urbanization
1.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Environment: Urbanization: urban population
89.34% (2024 est.)
Environment: Waste and recycling: municipal solid waste generated annually
35.374 million tons (2024 est.)
Environment: Waste and recycling: percent of municipal solid waste recycled
32% (2022 est.)
Geography: Area - comparative
slightly larger than Texas
Geography: Area: land
769,632 sq km
Geography: Area: water
13,930 sq km
Geography: Coastline
7,200 km
Geography: Elevation: highest point
Mount Ararat 5,137 m
Geography: Elevation: lowest point
Mediterranean Sea 0 m
Geography: Elevation: mean elevation
1,132 m
Geography: Geographic coordinates
39 00 N, 35 00 E
Geography: Geography - note
strategic location controlling the Turkish Straits (Bosporus, Sea of Marmara, Dardanelles) that link the Black and Aegean Seas; the 3% of Turkish territory north of the Straits lies in Europe and goes by the names of European Turkey, Eastern Thrace, or Turkish Thrace; the 97% of the country in Asia is referred to as Anatolia; Istanbul, which straddles the Bosporus, is the only metropolis in the world located on two continents; Mount Ararat, reputed to be the landing place of Noah's ark, is in the far-eastern part of the country
Geography: Irrigated land
52,150 sq km (2022)
Geography: Land boundaries: border countries
Armenia 311 km; Azerbaijan 17 km; Bulgaria 223 km; Georgia 273 km; Greece 192 km; Iran 534 km; Iraq 367 km; Syria 899 km
Geography: Land boundaries: total
2,816 km
Geography: Land use: agricultural land
50.1% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 26.3% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 4.8% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 19% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: forest
29.3% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: other
20.5% (2023 est.)
Geography: Major lakes (area sq km): fresh water lake(s)
Lake Beysehir - 650 sq km; Lake Egridir - 520 sq km
Geography: Major lakes (area sq km): salt water lake(s)
Lake Van - 3,740 sq km; Lake Tuz - 1,640 sq km;
Geography: Major rivers (by length in km)
Euphrates river source (shared with Syria, Iran, and Iraq [m]) - 3,596 km; Tigris river source (shared with Syria, Iran, and Iraq [m]) - 1,950 km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Geography: Major watersheds (area sq km): Indian Ocean drainage
(Persian Gulf) Tigris and Euphrates (918,044 sq km)
Geography: Map references
Middle East
Geography: Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone
in Black Sea only: to the maritime boundary agreed on with the former USSR
Geography: Maritime claims: territorial sea
6 nm in the Aegean Sea
Geography: Natural hazards
severe earthquakes, especially in northern Turkey, along an arc extending from the Sea of Marmara to Lake Van; landslides; flooding volcanism: limited volcanic activity; the three historically active volcanoes (Ararat, Nemrut Dagi, and Tendurek Dagi) have not erupted since the 19th century or earlier
Geography: Population distribution
the most densely populated area is found around the Bosporus in the northwest, where 20% of the population lives in Istanbul; with the exception of Ankara, urban centers remain small and scattered throughout the interior of Anatolia; an overall pattern of peripheral development exists, particularly along the Aegean Sea coast in the west, and the Tigris and Euphrates River systems in the southeast
Geography: Terrain
high central plateau (Anatolia); narrow coastal plain; several mountain ranges
Government: Administrative divisions
81 provinces ( iller , singular - ili ); Adana, Adiyaman, Afyonkarahisar, Agri, Aksaray, Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Ardahan, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Bartin, Batman, Bayburt, Bilecik, Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum, Denizli, Diyarbakir, Duzce, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir, Gaziantep, Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Igdir, Isparta, Istanbul, Izmir (Smyrna), Kahramanmaras, Karabuk, Karaman, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kilis, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir, Kocaeli, Konya, Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mersin, Mugla, Mus, Nevsehir, Nigde, Ordu, Osmaniye, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Sanliurfa, Siirt, Sinop, Sirnak, Sivas, Tekirdag, Tokat, Trabzon (Trebizond), Tunceli, Usak, Van, Yalova, Yozgat, Zonguldak
Government: Capital: etymology
the name probably derives from the Indo-European root word ang , meaning "bend" and relating to the settlement's original location in a winding gorge; the city was referred to as Angora by the 13th century; the name was officially modified to Ankara in 1923 when the Republic of Turkey was founded
Government: Capital: geographic coordinates
39 56 N, 32 52 E
Government: Capital: time difference
UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Government: Citizenship: citizenship by birth
no
Government: Citizenship: citizenship by descent only
at least one parent must be a citizen of Turkey
Government: Citizenship: dual citizenship recognized
yes, but requires prior permission from the government
Government: Citizenship: residency requirement for naturalization
5 years
Government: Constitution: amendment process
proposed by written consent of at least one third of Grand National Assembly (GNA) of Turkey (TBMM) members; adoption of draft amendments requires two debates in plenary TBMM session and three-fifths majority vote of all GNA members; the president of the republic can request TBMM reconsideration of the amendment and, if readopted by two-thirds majority TBMM vote, the president may submit the amendment to a referendum; passage by referendum requires absolute majority vote
Government: Constitution: history
several previous; latest ratified 9 November 1982
Government: Country name: conventional short form
Turkey
Government: Country name: etymology
the name means "Land of the Turks"
Government: Country name: local long form
Turkey Cumhuriyeti
Government: Country name: local short form
Turkey
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission
Ambassador Thomas J. BARRACK (since 14 May 2025)
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: consulate(s)
Adana
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: consulate(s) general
Istanbul
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: email address and website
Ankara-ACS@state.gov https://tr.usembassy.gov/
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: embassy
1480 Sokak No. 1, Cukurambar Mahallesi, 06530 Cankaya, Ankara
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: FAX
[90] (312) 467-0019
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: mailing address
7000 Ankara Place, Washington, DC 20512-7000
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: telephone
[90] (312) 294-0000
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: chancery
2525 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission
Ambassador Sedat ÖNAL (since 17 June 2024)
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: consulate(s) general
Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, San Francisco
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: email address and website
embassy.washingtondc@mfa.gov.tr T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı - Turkish Embassy In Washington, D.C. (mfa.gov.tr)
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: FAX
[1] (202) 612-6744
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: telephone
[1] (202) 612-6700
Government: Executive branch: cabinet
Council of Ministers appointed by the president
Government: Executive branch: chief of state
President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 28 August 2014)
Government: Executive branch: election results
2023: Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN reelected president in second round - Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (AKP) 52.2%, Kemal KILICDAROGLU (CHP) 47.8% 2018: Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN reelected president in first round - Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (AKP) 52.6%, Muharrem INCE (CHP) 30.6%, Selahattin DEMIRTAS (HDP) 8.4%, Meral AKSENER (IYI) 7.3%, other 1.1%
Government: Executive branch: election/appointment process
president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term)
Government: Executive branch: expected date of next election
2028
Government: Executive branch: head of government
President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 9 July 2018)
Government: Executive branch: most recent election date
14 May 2023, with a runoff on 28 May 2023
Government: Flag
description: red with a vertical white crescent moon and five-pointed white star centered just outside the crescent's opening meaning: the flag colors and designs closely resemble the Ottoman Empire's flag; the crescent moon and star serve as insignia for Turkic peoples; according to one interpretation, the flag represents the reflection of the moon and a star in a pool of blood of Turkish warriors
Government: International law organization participation
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
Government: International organization participation
ADB (nonregional member), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CERN (observer), CICA, CPLP (associate observer), D-8, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EU (candidate country), FAO, FATF, G-20, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club (associate), PCA, PIF (partner), SCO (dialogue member), SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Government: Judicial branch: highest court(s)
Constitutional Court or Anayasa Mahkemesi (consists of the president, 2 vice presidents, and 12 judges); Court of Cassation (consists of about 390 judges and is organized into civil and penal chambers); Council of State (organized into 15 divisions -- 14 judicial and 1 consultative -- each with a division head and at least 5 members)
Government: Judicial branch: judge selection and term of office
Constitutional Court members - 3 appointed by the Grand National Assembly and 12 by the president of the republic; court president and 2 deputy court presidents appointed from among its members for 4-year terms; judges serve 12-year, nonrenewable terms with mandatory retirement at age 65; Court of Cassation judges appointed by the Board of Judges and Prosecutors, a 13-member body of judicial officials; Court of Cassation judges serve until retirement at age 65; Council of State members appointed by the Board and by the president of the republic; members serve renewable, 4-year terms
Government: Judicial branch: subordinate courts
regional appeals courts; basic (first instance) courts; peace courts; aggravated crime courts; specialized courts, including administrative and audit
Government: Legal system
civil law system based on various European systems, notably the Swiss civil code
Government: Legislative branch: electoral system
proportional representation
Government: Legislative branch: expected date of next election
May 2028
Government: Legislative branch: legislative structure
unicameral
Government: Legislative branch: legislature name
Grand National Assembly of Türkiye (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi (T.B.M.M))
Government: Legislative branch: most recent election date
5/14/2023
Government: Legislative branch: number of seats
600 (all directly elected)
Government: Legislative branch: parties elected and seats per party
Justice and Development Party (Ak Party) (267); Republican People's Party (CHP) (130); Green and the Left Party of the Future (YSGP) (57); Nationalist Action Party (MHP) (50); Good Party (İyi Party) (44); Other (52)
Government: Legislative branch: percentage of women in chamber
19.9%
Government: Legislative branch: scope of elections
full renewal
Government: Legislative branch: term in office
5 years
Government: National anthem(s): history
lyrics adopted 1921, music adopted 1932; the anthem's original music was adopted in 1924
Government: National anthem(s): lyrics/music
Mehmet Akif ERSOY/Zeki UNGOR
Government: National color(s)
red, white
Government: National heritage: selected World Heritage Site locales
Archaeological Site of Troy (c); Ephesus (c); Diyarbakır Fortress and Hevsel Gardens Cultural Landscape (c); Hierapolis-Pamukkale (m); Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia (m); Göbekli Tepe (c); Historic Areas of Istanbul (c); Selimiye Mosque and its Social Complex (c); Neolithic Site of Çatalhöyük (c); Bursa and Cumalıkızık: the Birth of the Ottoman Empire (c); Gordion (c); Great Mosque and Hospital of Divriği (c); Hattusha: the Hittite Capital (c); Nemrut Dağ (c); Xanthos-Letoon (c); City of Safranbolu (c); Pergamon and its Multi-Layered Cultural Landscape (c); Archaeological Site of Ani (c); Aphrodisias (c); Arslantepe Mound (c); Wooden Hypostyle Mosques of Medieval Anatolia (c); Turkmenistan (c); Sardis and the Lydian Tumuli of Bin Tepe (c)
Government: National heritage: total World Heritage Sites
22 (20 cultural, 2 mixed)
Government: National holiday
Republic Day, 29 October (1923)
Government: National symbol(s)
vertical crescent moon with adjacent five-pointed star
Government: Political parties
Democracy and Progress Party or DEVA Democrat Party or DP Democratic Regions Party or DBP Felicity Party (Saadet Party) or SP Free Cause Party or HUDA PAR Future Party (Gelecek Partisi) or GP Good Party or IYI Grand Unity Party or BBP Justice and Development Party or AKP Labor and Freedom Alliance (electoral alliance includes YSGP, HDP, TIP) Nationalist Movement Party or MHP New Welfare Party or YRP Party of Greens and the Left Future or YSGP People's Alliance (electoral alliance includes AKP, BBP, MHP, YRP) Peoples' Democratic Party or HDP Republican People's Party or CHP Workers' Party of Turkey or TIP
Government: Suffrage
18 years of age; universal
Introduction: Background
Modern Turkey was founded in 1923 from the remnants of the Ottoman Empire by reformer and national hero Mustafa KEMAL, known as Ataturk or "Father of the Turks." One-party rule ended in 1950, and periods of instability and military coups have since fractured the multiparty democracy, in 1960, 1971, 1980, 1997, and 2016. Turkey joined the UN in 1945 and NATO in 1952. In 1963, Turkey became an associate member of the European Community; it began accession talks with the EU in 2005. Turkey intervened militarily on Cyprus in 1974 to prevent a Greek takeover of the island and has since acted as patron state to the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus," which only Turkey recognizes. The Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), a US-designated terrorist organization, began a separatist insurgency in Turkey in 1984, and the struggle has long dominated the attention of Turkish security forces. In 2013, the Turkish Government and the PKK conducted negotiations aimed at ending the violence, but intense fighting resumed in 2015. The Turkish Government conducted a referendum in 2017 in which voters approved constitutional amendments changing Turkey from a parliamentary to a presidential system.
Military and Security: Military - note
the responsibilities of the Turkish Armed Forces (TAF) include protecting the country's territory and sovereignty, participating in international peacekeeping operations, fulfilling Türkiye’s military commitments to NATO, providing disaster/humanitarian relief and assistance to domestic law enforcement if requested by civil authorities, and supporting the country's overall national security interests; it also has overall responsibility for the security of Türkiye’s borders Türkiye is active in international peacekeeping and other military/security operations under NATO and the UN, as well as under bilateral agreements with some countries, such as Azerbaijan, Libya, Somalia, and Qatar; Türkiye has been a member of NATO since 1952 and hosts the headquarters for a NATO Land Command and a Rapid Deployment Corps, multiple airbases for NATO and US aircraft, NATO air/missile defense systems, and training centers; the TAF is the second-largest military in NATO behind the US the military traces its history back to 200 B.C., although the modern TAF was formed following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire at the conclusion of the Turkish War of Independence (1919-1923); the TAF traditionally has been viewed as the “guardian” of Turkish politics, but its political role was diminished after the failed 2016 coup attempt; the military has a stake in Türkiye's economy through a holding company that is involved in the automotive, defense, energy, finance, and logistics sectors, as well as iron and steel production (2025)
Military and Security: Military and security forces
Turkish Armed Forces (TAF; Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri, TSK): Turkish Land Forces (Türk Kara Kuvvetleri), Turkish Naval Forces (Türk Deniz Kuvvetleri; includes naval air and naval infantry), Turkish Air Forces (Türk Hava Kuvvetleri) Ministry of Interior: Gendarmerie General Command (aka Gendarmerie of the Turkish Republic), Turkish Coast Guard Command, General Directorate of Security (National Police) (2025)
Military and Security: Military and security service personnel strengths
approximately 495,000 active military personnel; approximately 150,000 Gendarmerie (2025)
Military and Security: Military deployments
approximately 250 Bosnia-Herzegovina (EUFOR); approximately 30,000 Cyprus; 730 Kosovo (NATO/KFOR); Turkiye also has several thousand military personnel deployed to other countries under bilateral agreements, including Azerbaijan, Libya, Qatar, and Somalia (2025)
Military and Security: Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the military's inventory is comprised of domestically produced and mostly European (such as Germany, Italy, and Spain) or US armaments; other suppliers have included Russia and South Korea; Türkiye's defense industry produces a range of weapons systems for both export and internal use, including armored vehicles, naval vessels, and unmanned aerial vehicles/drones; some of its domestically produced armaments are produced jointly with foreign partners or based on imported weapons systems and produced under license (2025)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2015
1.81% (2015 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2016
2.05% (2016 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2017
2.05% (2017 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2018
2.52% (2018 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2019
2.69% (2019 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2020
2.20% (2020 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2021
1.86% (2021 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2022
1.66% (2022 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2023
1.72% (2023 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2024
1.92% (2024 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2025
2.3% of GDP (2025 est.)
Military and Security: Military service age and obligation
military service is compulsory for Turkish men 20-41 for a period of 6-12 months; men and women may volunteer (2025)
People and Society: Age structure: 0-14 years
21.7% (male 9,358,711/female 8,933,673)
People and Society: Age structure: 15-64 years
68.6% (male 29,219,389/female 28,494,315)
People and Society: Age structure: 65 years and over
9.6% (2024 est.) (male 3,669,330/female 4,444,113)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: beer
0.67 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: other alcohols
0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: spirits
0.35 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: total
1.18 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: wine
0.16 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Birth rate
13.56 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
People and Society: Child marriage: women married by age 15
2% (2018)
People and Society: Child marriage: women married by age 18
14.7% (2018)
People and Society: Children under the age of 5 years underweight
1.5% (2018 est.)
People and Society: Current health expenditure
4.28% (2023 est.)
People and Society: Currently married women (ages 15-49)
59.6% (2021 est.)
People and Society: Death rate
6.19 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: elderly dependency ratio
14.6 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: potential support ratio
6.9 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio
45.7 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: youth dependency ratio
31.2 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: improved: rural
rural: 96% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: improved: total
total: 97% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: improved: urban
urban: 97.3% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: unimproved: rural
rural: 4% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: unimproved: total
total: 3% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: unimproved: urban
urban: 2.7% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Education expenditure: Education expenditure (% GDP)
3.1% of GDP (2022 est.)
People and Society: Education expenditure: Education expenditure (% national budget)
11.3% national budget (2022 est.)
People and Society: Education expenditures
3.10% (2022 est.)
People and Society: Ethnic groups
Turkish 70-75%, Kurdish 19%, other minorities 6-11% (2016 est.)
People and Society: Gross reproduction rate
0.92 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Health expenditure: Health expenditure (as % of GDP)
4.6% of GDP (2021)
People and Society: Health expenditure: Health expenditure (as % of national budget)
10% of national budget (2022 est.)
People and Society: Hospital bed density
3.0 beds/1,000 population (2023 est.)
People and Society: Infant mortality rate: female
16.7 deaths/1,000 live births
People and Society: Infant mortality rate: male
19.9 deaths/1,000 live births
People and Society: Infant mortality rate: total
17.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
People and Society: Languages: Languages
Turkish (official), Kurdish, other minority languages
People and Society: Languages: major-language sample(s)
The World Factbook, temel bilgi edinmek için vazgeçilmez bir kaynak. (Turkish) ڕاستییەکانی جیهان، باشترین سەرچاوەیە بۆ زانیارییە بنەڕەتییەکان (Kurdish) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
People and Society: Life expectancy at birth: female
80.3 years (2024 est.)
People and Society: Life expectancy at birth: male
74.6 years (2024 est.)
People and Society: Literacy: female
95.3% (2021 est.)
People and Society: Literacy: male
99.3% (2021 est.)
People and Society: Literacy: total population
97.26% (2021 est.)
People and Society: Major urban areas - population
15.848 million Istanbul, 5.397 million ANKARA (capital), 3.088 million Izmir, 2.086 million Bursa, 1.836 million Adana, 1.805 million Gaziantep (2023)
People and Society: Maternal mortality ratio
15 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
People and Society: Median age: female
34.6 years
People and Society: Median age: male
33.4 years
People and Society: Mother's mean age at first birth
26.6 years (2020 est.)
People and Society: Nationality: adjective
Turkish
People and Society: Net migration rate
-1.51 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
People and Society: Obesity - adult prevalence rate
32.1% (2016)
People and Society: Physician density
2.24 physicians/1,000 population (2022)
People and Society: Population
85,518,661 (2024 est.)
People and Society: Population distribution
the most densely populated area is found around the Bosporus in the northwest, where 20% of the population lives in Istanbul; with the exception of Ankara, urban centers remain small and scattered throughout the interior of Anatolia; an overall pattern of peripheral development exists, particularly along the Aegean Sea coast in the west, and the Tigris and Euphrates River systems in the southeast
People and Society: Population growth rate
0.59% (2025 est.)
People and Society: Population: female
42,136,308
People and Society: Population: male
42,489,277
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: improved: rural
rural: 98.7% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: improved: total
total: 99.6% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: improved: urban
urban: 99.8% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: unimproved: rural
rural: 1.3% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: unimproved: total
total: 0.4% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: unimproved: urban
urban: 0.2% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): female
20 years (2022 est.)
People and Society: School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): male
20 years (2022 est.)
People and Society: School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total
20 years (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sex ratio: 0-14 years
1.05 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: 15-64 years
1.03 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: 65 years and over
0.83 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: at birth
1.05 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: total population
1.01 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
People and Society: Tobacco use: female
20.1% (2025 est.)
People and Society: Tobacco use: male
40.1% (2025 est.)
People and Society: Tobacco use: total
30.1% (2025 est.)
People and Society: Total fertility rate
1.48 children born/woman (2024 est.)
People and Society: Urbanization: rate of urbanization
1.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
People and Society: Urbanization: urban population
89.34% (2024 est.)
Space: Key space-program milestones
1994 - first commercial communications satellite built jointly with and launched by France 2003 - first domestically built experimental remote sensing (RS) satellite (BILSAT) launched by Russia 2018 - launched first domestically produced solid-fuel sounding rocket to an altitude of 135 km (84 mi) 2024 - first Turkish astronaut in space on the International Space Station; first domestically produced communications satellite launched by US 2025 - successfully launched 2-stage hybrid rocket more than 200 km (124 mi) in altitude
Space: Space agency/agencies
Turkish Space Agency (TUA; established 2018) (2025)
Space: Space launch site(s)
rocket test launch site on the Black Sea in Sinop Province; constructing a rocket launch facility in Somalia (2025)
Space: Space program overview
has an ambitious national space program with a focus on satellites, satellite components, satellite launch capabilities, software development, ground station technologies, and building up the country’s space industries; manufactures and operates remote sensing and telecommunications satellites; in recent years has initiated a satellite/space launch vehicle (SLV) program with the goal of independently placing satellites into orbit and a probe on the Moon; works with more than 25 foreign space agencies and corporations, including those of Azerbaijan, China, France, India, Japan, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Russia, South Korea, Ukraine, and the US, as well as the ESA; has state-owned rocket and satellite development companies, including some under the Ministry of Defense; has a growing private space-industry sector, and the Turkish Government has pledged to increase the country's share of the global space market (2025)
Terrorism: Terrorist group(s)
Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS); Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU); Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC)/Qods Force; Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK); al-Qa'ida; Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front (DHKP/C)
Transnational Issues: Refugees and internally displaced persons: IDPs
538,105 (2024 est.)
Transnational Issues: Refugees and internally displaced persons: refugees
3,094,818 (2024 est.)
Transnational Issues: Refugees and internally displaced persons: stateless persons
420 (2024 est.)
Transportation: Airports
116 (2025)
Transportation: Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
TC
Transportation: Heliports
240 (2025)
Transportation: Merchant marine: by type
bulk carrier 43, container ship 43, general cargo 223, oil tanker 134, other 727
Transportation: Merchant marine: total
1,170 (2023)
Transportation: Ports: key ports
Haydarpasa, Istanbul, Izmir, Mersin, Nemrut Limani Bay, Samsun
Transportation: Ports: large
3
Transportation: Ports: medium
3
Transportation: Ports: ports with oil terminals
28
Transportation: Ports: small
6
Transportation: Ports: total ports
54 (2024)
Transportation: Ports: very small
42
Transportation: Railways: standard gauge
11,497 km (2018) 1.435-m gauge (1.435 km high speed train)
Transportation: Railways: total
11,497 km (2018)
Warning: Some information might be outdated or incorrect, please check statistics before using(most of the economical stats are correct, its mostly the Population stats that are incorrect). Some dates are listed but some are missed, if you have any issues please report it to the Github at github.com.