Communications: Broadband - fixed subscriptions: subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
16 (2023 est.)
Communications: Broadband - fixed subscriptions: total
11.5 million (2023 est.)
Communications: Broadcast media
26 digital TV stations and 6 terrestrial TV stations broadcast nationally via relay stations, with 2 of the terrestrial stations military-owned and the other 4 state-owned or state-controlled; some leased to private enterprise; all required to broadcast government-produced news; multi-channel satellite and cable TV subscriptions available; radio frequencies allotted for over 500 government and commercial radio stations; many small community radio stations operate with low-power transmitters (2017)
Communications: Internet country code
.th
Communications: Internet users: percent of population
90.87% (2024 est.)
Communications: Telephones - fixed lines: subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
6 (2023 est.)
Communications: Telephones - fixed lines: total subscriptions
4.087 million (2023 est.)
Communications: Telephones - mobile cellular: subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
161 (2024 est.)
Communications: Telephones - mobile cellular: total subscriptions
115 million (2024 est.)
Economy: Agricultural products
sugarcane, rice, cassava, oil palm fruit, maize, rubber, tropical fruits, chicken, mangoes/guavas, fruits (2023)
Economy: Average household expenditures: on alcohol and tobacco
3% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Economy: Average household expenditures: on food
25.9% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Economy: Budget: expenditures
$114.521 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Budget: revenues
$102.84 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2013
-$8.833 billion (2013 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2014
$11.643 billion (2014 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2015
$27.753 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2016
$43.438 billion (2016 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2017
$43.952 billion (2017 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2018
$28.479 billion (2018 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2019
$38.342 billion (2019 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2020
$20.732 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2021
-$10.839 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2022
-$17.162 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2023
$7.412 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2024
$11.089 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: Debt - external: Debt - external 2022
$201.051 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Debt - external: Debt - external 2023
$37.065 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates
35.2935 (2024 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Currency
baht per US dollar -
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2013
30.7260 (2013 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2014
32.4798 (2014 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2015
34.2477 (2015 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2016
35.2964 (2016 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2017
33.9398 (2017 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2018
32.3102 (2018 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2019
31.0476 (2019 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2020
31.2937 (2020 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2021
31.9771 (2021 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2022
35.0614 (2022 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2023
34.8022 (2023 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2024
35.2935 (2024 est.)
Economy: Exports - commodities
machine parts, integrated circuits, trucks, cars, broadcasting equipment (2023)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2011
$262.743 billion (2011 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2014
$278.596 billion (2014 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2015
$271.423 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2016
$277.248 billion (2016 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2017
$304.266 billion (2017 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2018
$328.570 billion (2018 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2019
$323.769 billion (2019 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2020
$257.710 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2021
$296.425 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2022
$324.111 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2023
$337.45 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2024
$369.191 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: exports of goods and services
70.1% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: government consumption
16.7% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption
58.2% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: imports of goods and services
-66.7% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: investment in fixed capital
22.2% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: investment in inventories
-0.6% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture
8.7% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by sector of origin: industry
32.1% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by sector of origin: services
59.2% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - per capita (PPP)
$24,712 (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP (official exchange rate)
$526.411 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP (purchasing power parity) - real
$1.771 trillion (2024 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2015
36.0 (2015 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2016
36.7 (2016 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017
36.4 (2017 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018
36.4 (2018 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2019
34.9 (2019 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2020
35.0 (2020 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2021
34.9 (2021 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022
34.3 (2022 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2023
33.5 (2023 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2024
33.3 (2024 est.)
Economy: Household income or consumption by percentage share: highest 10%
26.1% (2023 est.)
Economy: Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%
3.4% (2023 est.)
Economy: Imports - commodities
crude petroleum, integrated circuits, natural gas, gold, vehicle parts/accessories (2023)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2010
$207.270 billion (2010 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2015
$229.553 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2016
$221.169 billion (2016 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2017
$247.430 billion (2017 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2018
$283.801 billion (2018 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2019
$272.917 billion (2019 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2020
$231.745 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2021
$297.104 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2022
$334.44 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2023
$327.008 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2024
$351.419 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: Industrial production growth rate
0.9% (2024 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2015
-0.90% (2015 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2016
0.19% (2016 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017
0.67% (2017 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018
1.06% (2018 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019
0.71% (2019 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020
-0.85% (2020 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021
1.23% (2021 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022
-1.61% (2022 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023
8.48% (2023 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024
1.37% (2024 est.)
Economy: Labor force
40.623 million (2024 est.)
Economy: Population below poverty line
5.40% (2022 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2013
38.17% (2013 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2014
35.39% (2014 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2016
37.31% (2016 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2018
37.91% (2018 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2019
38.63% (2019 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2020
50.32% (2020 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2021
58.51% (2021 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2022
60.35% (2022 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2023
61.12% (2023 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2014
$1.079 trillion (2014 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2015
$1.114 trillion (2015 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2016
$1.181 trillion (2016 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017
$1.251 trillion (2017 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019
$1.428 trillion (2019 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020
$1.373 trillion (2020 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021
$1.452 trillion (2021 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022
$1.489 trillion (2022 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023
$1.519 trillion (2023 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024
$1.558 trillion (2024 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2015
3.13% (2015 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2016
3.44% (2016 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2017
4.18% (2017 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2018
4.22% (2018 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2019
2.11% (2019 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2020
-6.05% (2020 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2021
1.55% (2021 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2022
2.58% (2022 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2023
2.02% (2023 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2024
2.54% (2024 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2014
$15,365 (2014 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2015
$15,791 (2015 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2016
$16,671 (2016 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2017
$17,573 (2017 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2019
$19,963 (2019 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2020
$19,164 (2020 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2021
$20,243 (2021 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2022
$22,243 (2022 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2023
$23,519 (2023 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2013
$6.585 billion (2013 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2014
$6.524 billion (2014 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2015
$5.895 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2020
$7.873 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2021
$8.679 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2022
1.8% of GDP (2022 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2023
1.9% of GDP (2023 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2024
1.8% of GDP (2024 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2015
$156.460 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2016
$171.772 billion (2016 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2017
$202.538 billion (2017 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2018
$205.641 billion (2018 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2019
$224.356 billion (2019 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2020
$258.104 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021
$246.025 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022
$216.501 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023
$224.47 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024
$236.934 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: Taxes and other revenues
15.4% (of GDP) (2023 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2019
0.72% (2019 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2020
1.10% (2020 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2021
1.22% (2021 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2022
0.94% (2022 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2023
0.73% (2023 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2024
0.78% (2024 est.)
Economy: Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): female
6% (2024 est.)
Economy: Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): male
3.1% (2024 est.)
Economy: Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): total
4.3% (2024 est.)
Energy: Coal: consumption
42.371 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: exports
65,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: imports
29.757 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: production
12.812 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: proven reserves
1.063 billion metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity access: electrification - rural areas
100%
Energy: Electricity access: electrification - total population
99.9% (2022 est.)
Energy: Electricity access: electrification - urban areas
100%
Energy: Electricity generation sources: biomass and waste
10.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: fossil fuels
81.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: hydroelectricity
3.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: solar
2.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: wind
1.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: consumption
215.281 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: exports
2.256 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: imports
35.805 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: installed generating capacity
55.971 million kW (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: transmission/distribution losses
14.44 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Energy consumption per capita: Total energy consumption per capita 2023
80.602 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: consumption
52.351 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: imports
22.738 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: production
29.614 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: proven reserves
138.243 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Energy: Petroleum: crude oil estimated reserves
252.75 million barrels (2021 est.)
Energy: Petroleum: refined petroleum consumption
1.397 million bbl/day (2023 est.)
Energy: Petroleum: total petroleum production
386,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: from coal and metallurgical coke
79.928 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: from consumed natural gas
95.834 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: from petroleum and other liquids
160.931 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: total emissions
336.693 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Climate
tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to September); dry, cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March); southern isthmus always hot and humid
Environment: Environmental issues
air pollution from vehicle emissions; water pollution from organic and factory wastes; water scarcity; deforestation; soil erosion; illegal hunting; hazardous waste disposal
Environment: Geoparks: global geoparks and regional networks
Khorat; Satun (2023)
Environment: Geoparks: total global geoparks and regional networks
2
Environment: International environmental agreements: party to
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands
Environment: International environmental agreements: signed, but not ratified
none of the selected agreements
Environment: Land use: agricultural land
43.8% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 31% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 11.2% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 1.6% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: forest
39% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: other
17.2% (2023 est.)
Environment: Methane emissions: agriculture
2,109.9 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Environment: Methane emissions: energy
708.8 kt (2022-2024 est.)
Environment: Methane emissions: other
57.9 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Environment: Methane emissions: waste
635.8 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Environment: Particulate matter emissions
26.3 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Environment: Total renewable water resources
438.61 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Environment: Total water withdrawal: agricultural
51.79 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Environment: Total water withdrawal: industrial
2.777 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Environment: Total water withdrawal: municipal
2.739 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Environment: Urbanization: rate of urbanization
1.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Environment: Urbanization: urban population
61.87% (2024 est.)
Environment: Waste and recycling: municipal solid waste generated annually
26.853 million tons (2024 est.)
Environment: Waste and recycling: percent of municipal solid waste recycled
40% (2022 est.)
Geography: Area - comparative
about three times the size of Florida; slightly more than twice the size of Wyoming
Geography: Area: land
510,890 sq km
Geography: Area: water
2,230 sq km
Geography: Coastline
3,219 km
Geography: Elevation: highest point
Doi Inthanon 2,565 m
Geography: Elevation: lowest point
Gulf of Thailand 0 m
Geography: Elevation: mean elevation
287 m
Geography: Geographic coordinates
15 00 N, 100 00 E
Geography: Geography - note
controls only land route from Asia to Malaysia and Singapore
Geography: Irrigated land
64,150 sq km (2012)
Geography: Land boundaries: border countries
Burma 2,416 km; Cambodia 817 km; Laos 1,845 km; Malaysia 595 km
Geography: Land boundaries: total
5,673 km
Geography: Land use: agricultural land
43.8% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 31% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 11.2% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 1.6% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: forest
39% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: other
17.2% (2023 est.)
Geography: Major lakes (area sq km): salt water lake(s)
Thalesap Songkhla - 1,290 sq km
Geography: Major rivers (by length in km)
Mae Nam Khong (Mekong) (shared with China [s], Burma, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam [m]) - 4,350 km; Salween (shared with China [s] and Burma [m]) - 3,060 km; Mun - 1,162 km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Geography: Major watersheds (area sq km): Indian Ocean drainage
Salween (271,914 sq km)
Geography: Major watersheds (area sq km): Pacific Ocean drainage
Mekong (805,604 sq km)
Geography: Map references
Southeast Asia
Geography: Maritime claims: continental shelf
200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Geography: Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone
200 nm
Geography: Maritime claims: territorial sea
12 nm
Geography: Natural hazards
land subsidence in Bangkok area resulting from the depletion of the water table; droughts
Geography: Population distribution
highest population density is found in and around Bangkok; significant population clusters throughout large parts of the country, particularly north and northeast of Bangkok and in the extreme southern region of the country
Geography: Terrain
central plain; Khorat Plateau in the east; mountains elsewhere
Government: Administrative divisions
76 provinces ( changwat , singular and plural) and 1 municipality* ( maha nakhon ); Amnat Charoen, Ang Thong, Bueng Kan, Buri Ram, Chachoengsao, Chai Nat, Chaiyaphum, Chanthaburi, Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Chon Buri, Chumphon, Kalasin, Kamphaeng Phet, Kanchanaburi, Khon Kaen, Krabi, Krung Thep* (Bangkok), Lampang, Lamphun, Loei, Lop Buri, Mae Hong Son, Maha Sarakham, Mukdahan, Nakhon Nayok, Nakhon Pathom, Nakhon Phanom, Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Sawan, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Nan, Narathiwat, Nong Bua Lamphu, Nong Khai, Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani, Pattani, Phangnga, Phatthalung, Phayao, Phetchabun, Phetchaburi, Phichit, Phitsanulok, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, Phrae, Phuket, Prachin Buri, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Ranong, Ratchaburi, Rayong, Roi Et, Sa Kaeo, Sakon Nakhon, Samut Prakan, Samut Sakhon, Samut Songkhram, Saraburi, Satun, Sing Buri, Si Sa Ket, Songkhla, Sukhothai, Suphan Buri, Surat Thani, Surin, Tak, Trang, Trat, Ubon Ratchathani, Udon Thani, Uthai Thani, Uttaradit, Yala, Yasothon
Government: Capital: etymology
the name is from the Thai words bang (region) and kok (olive trees); the city's full ceremonial name holds the world record for longest place name, Krungthepmahanakhon amonrattanakosin mahintharayutthaya mahadilokphop noppharatratchathaniburirom udomratchaniwetmahasathan amonphimanawatansathit sakkathattiyawitsanukamprasit, which means "City of angels, great city of immortals, magnificent city of the nine gems, seat of the king, city of royal palaces, home of gods incarnate, erected by Vishvakarman at Indra's behest"
Government: Capital: geographic coordinates
13 45 N, 100 31 E
Government: Capital: time difference
UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Government: Citizenship: citizenship by birth
no
Government: Citizenship: citizenship by descent only
at least one parent must be a citizen of Thailand
Government: Citizenship: dual citizenship recognized
no
Government: Citizenship: residency requirement for naturalization
5 years
Government: Constitution: amendment process
amendments require a majority vote in a joint session of the House and Senate and further require at least one fifth of opposition House members and one third of the Senate vote in favor; a national referendum is additionally required for certain amendments; all amendments require signature by the king
Government: Constitution: history
many previous; latest drafted and presented 29 March 2016, approved by referendum 7 August 2016, signed into law by the king on 6 April 2017
Government: Country name: conventional short form
Thailand
Government: Country name: etymology
the name means "Land of the Thai," referring to the local population; the people's name comes from the Thai word tha , meaning "to be free;" the former name of Siam comes from the Sanskrit word syama , meaning "dark"
Government: Country name: former
Siam
Government: Country name: local long form
Ratcha Anachak Thai
Government: Country name: local short form
Prathet Thai
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission
Ambassador-designate Sean O'NEILL (since 16 December 2025)
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: consulate(s) general
Chiang Mai
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: email address and website
acsbkk@state.gov https://th.usembassy.gov/
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: embassy
95 Wireless Road, Bangkok 10330
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: FAX
[66] 2-205-4103
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: mailing address
7200 Bangkok Place, Washington DC 20521-7200
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: telephone
[66] 2-205-4000
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: chancery
1024 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Suite 401, Washington, DC 20007
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission
Ambassador Dr. SURIYA Chindawongse (since 17 June 2024)
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: consulate(s) general
Chicago, Los Angeles, New York
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: email address and website
thai.wsn@thaiembdc.org https://washingtondc.thaiembassy.org/en/index
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: FAX
[1] (202) 944-3611
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: telephone
[1] (202) 944-3600
Government: Executive branch: cabinet
Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister, appointed by the king; a Privy Council advises the king
Government: Executive branch: chief of state
King WACHIRALONGKON; also spelled Vajiralongkorn (since 1 December 2016)
Government: Executive branch: election/appointment process
the monarchy is hereditary; prime minister candidate approved by House of Representatives and appointed by the king
Government: Executive branch: head of government
Prime Minister ANUTIN Charnvirakul (since 5 Sep 2025)
Government: Flag
description: five horizontal bands of red (top), white, blue (double-width), white, and red meaning: red stands for the nation and the blood of life, white for religion and the purity of Buddhism, and blue for the monarchy
Government: International law organization participation
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
Government: International organization participation
ADB, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, BIMSTEC, BIS, CD, CICA, CP, EAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE (partner), PCA, PIF (partner), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMOGIP, UNOOSA, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Government: Judicial branch: highest court(s)
Supreme Court of Justice (consists of the court president, 6 vice presidents, 60-70 judges, and organized into 10 divisions); Constitutional Court (consists of the court president and 8 judges); Supreme Administrative Court (number of judges determined by Judicial Commission of the Administrative Courts)
Government: Judicial branch: judge selection and term of office
Supreme Court judges selected by the Judicial Commission of the Courts of Justice and approved by the monarch; judge term determined by the monarch; Constitutional Court justices - 3 judges drawn from the Supreme Court, 2 judges drawn from the Administrative Court, and 4 judge candidates selected by the Selective Committee for Judges of the Constitutional Court, and confirmed by the Senate; judges appointed by the monarch serve single 9-year terms; Supreme Administrative Court judges selected by the Judicial Commission of the Administrative Courts and appointed by the monarch; judges serve for life
Government: Judicial branch: subordinate courts
courts of first instance and appeals courts within both the judicial and administrative systems; military courts
Government: Legal system
civil law system with common law influences
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: chamber name
House of Representatives (Saphaphuthan Ratsadon)
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: electoral system
mixed system
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: expected date of next election
8 February 2026
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: most recent election date
5/14/2023 (House of Representatives dissolved on 12 December 2025)
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: number of seats
500 (all directly elected)
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: parties elected and seats per party
Move Forward (151); Pheu Thai (141); Bhumjaithai (71); Palang Pracharath (40); United Thai Nation (36); Democrat Party (25); Other (36)
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: percentage of women in chamber
19.6%
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: scope of elections
full renewal
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: term in office
4 years
Government: Legislative branch - upper chamber: chamber name
Senate (Wuthisapha)
Government: Legislative branch - upper chamber: expected date of next election
June 2029
Government: Legislative branch - upper chamber: most recent election date
6/9/2024 to 6/26/2024
Government: Legislative branch - upper chamber: number of seats
200 (all indirectly elected)
Government: Legislative branch - upper chamber: percentage of women in chamber
22.5%
Government: Legislative branch - upper chamber: scope of elections
full renewal
Government: Legislative branch - upper chamber: term in office
5 years
Government: Legislative branch: legislative structure
bicameral
Government: Legislative branch: legislature name
National Assembly (Rathhasapha)
Government: National anthem(s): history
royal anthem, played in the presence of the royal family and during certain state ceremonies
Government: National anthem(s): lyrics/music
Narisara NUWATTIWONG and King VAJIRAVUDH/Pyotr SHCHUROVSKY
Government: National coat of arms
in 1911, King Vajiravudh (Rama VI) of Thailand officially adopted the Garuda as the national coat of arms and emblem; this mythological half-man, half-bird figure from the Hindu and Buddhist traditions is considered the vahana (vehicle) of the god Vishnu (Narayana) and was a symbol of royalty in Thailand for centuries
Government: National color(s)
red, white, blue
Government: National heritage: selected World Heritage Site locales
Historic City of Ayutthaya (c); Historic Sukhothai and Associated Historic Towns (c); Thungyai-Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuaries (n); Ban Chiang Archaeological Site (c); Dong Phayayen-Khao Yai Forest Complex (n); Kaeng Krachan Forest Complex (n); The Ancient Town of Si Thep and its Associated Dvaravati Monuments (n); Phu Phrabat, a testimony to the Sīma stone tradition of the Dvaravati period (c)
Government: National heritage: total World Heritage Sites
8 (5 cultural, 3 natural)
Government: National holiday
Birthday of King WACHIRALONGKON, 28 July (1952)
Government: National symbol(s)
garuda (mythical half-man, half-bird figure), elephant
Government: Political parties
Bhumjaithai Party or BJT (aka Phumchai Thai Party or PJT; aka Thai Pride Party) Chat Thai Phatthana Party (Thai Nation Development Party) or CTP Democrat Party Move Forward Party or MFP (dissolved by order of the Constitutional Court, August 2024) Palang Pracharat Party (People's State Power Party) or PPRP Pheu (Puea) Thai Party (For Thais Party) or PTP Prachachat Party or PCC Prachathipat Party (Democrat Party) or DP Thai Sang Thai Party United Thai Nation (Ruam Thai Sang Chat) or UTN
Government: Suffrage
18 years of age; universal and compulsory
Introduction: Background
Two unified Thai kingdoms emerged in the mid-13th century. The Sukhothai Kingdom, located in the south-central plains, gained its independence from the Khmer Empire to the east. By the late 13th century, Sukhothai’s territory extended into present-day Burma and Laos. Sukhothai lasted until the mid-15th century. The Thai Lan Na Kingdom was established in the north with its capital at Chang Mai; the Burmese conquered Lan Na in the 16th century. The Ayutthaya Kingdom (14th-18th centuries) succeeded the Sukhothai and would become known as the Siamese Kingdom. During the Ayutthaya period, the Thai/Siamese peoples consolidated their hold on what is present-day central and north-central Thailand. Following a military defeat at the hands of the Burmese in 1767, the Siamese Kingdom rose to new heights under the military ruler TAKSIN, who defeated the Burmese occupiers and expanded the kingdom’s territory into modern-day northern Thailand (formerly the Lan Na Kingdom), Cambodia, Laos, and the Malay Peninsula. In the mid-1800s, Western pressure led to Siam signing trade treaties that reduced the country’s sovereignty and independence. In the 1890s and 1900s, the British and French forced the kingdom to cede Cambodian, Laotian, and Malay territories that had been under Siamese control. Following a bloodless revolution in 1932 that led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy, Thailand's political history was marked by a series of mostly bloodless coups with power concentrated among military and bureaucratic elites. Periods of civilian rule were unstable. The Cold War era saw a communist insurgency and the rise of strongman leaders. Thailand became a US treaty ally in 1954 after sending troops to Korea and later fighting alongside the US in Vietnam. In the 21st century, Thailand has experienced additional turmoil, including a military coup in 2006 that ousted then Prime Minister THAKSIN Chinnawat and large-scale street protests led by competing political factions in 2008-2010. In 2011, THAKSIN's youngest sister, YINGLAK Chinnawat, led the Puea Thai Party to an electoral win and assumed control of the government. In 2014, after months of major anti-government protests in Bangkok, the Constitutional Court removed YINGLAK from office, and the Army, led by Gen. PRAYUT Chan-ocha, then staged a coup against the caretaker government. The military-affiliated National Council for Peace and Order (NCPO) ruled the country under PRAYUT for more than four years, drafting a new constitution that allowed the military to appoint the entire 250-member Senate and required a joint meeting of the House and Senate to select the prime minister -- which effectively gave the military a veto on the selection. King PHUMIPHON Adunyadet passed away in 2016 after 70 years on the throne; his only son, WACHIRALONGKON (aka King RAMA X), formally ascended the throne in 2019. The same year, a long-delayed election allowed PRAYUT to continue his premiership, although the results were disputed and widely viewed as skewed in favor of the party aligned with the military. The country again experienced major anti-government protests in 2020. The reformist Move Forward Party won the most seats in the 2023 election but was unable to form a government, and Srettha THRAVISIN from the Pheu Thai Party replaced PRAYUT as prime minister after forming a coalition of moderate and conservative parties.
Military and Security: Military - note
the missions of the Royal Thai Armed Forces (RTARF) include defending the country’s territory and sovereignty, protecting the monarchy, ensuring internal security, and responding to natural disasters; key areas of emphasis are disputed international borders and a low-level insurgency in the country's south; the military has historically had a large role in domestic politics and has attempted as many as 20 coups since the fall of absolute monarchy in 1932, the most recent being in 2014 in July 2025, following months of rising tensions, the RTARF and Cambodian military forces clashed in multiple locations along their disputed border; both sides blamed the other for provoking the five-day conflict, which included cross-border artillery shelling by both sides and air attacks by RTARF fighter aircraft and drones; since 2004, the RTARF and Thai paramilitary forces have combated a separatist insurgency in the southern Thailand provinces of Pattani, Yala, and Narathiwat, as well as parts of Songkhla; the insurgency is rooted in ethnic Malay nationalist resistance to Thai rule that followed the extension of Siamese sovereignty over the Patani Sultanate in the 18th century; the insurgency consists of several armed groups, the largest of which is the Barisan Revolusi Nasional-Koordinasi (BRN-C): insurgent attacks have largely involved bombings; since 2020, Thai officials have been negotiating with BRN, and has parallel talks with an umbrella organization, MARA Pattani, that claims to represent the insurgency groups (2025)
Military and Security: Military and security forces
Royal Thai Armed Forces (RTARF): Royal Thai Army (RTA), Royal Thai Navy (RTN; includes Royal Thai Marine Corps), Royal Thai Air Force (RTAF) Office of the Prime Minister: Royal Thai Police (2025)
Military and Security: Military and security service personnel strengths
estimated 350,000 active-duty Armed Forces (250,000 Army; 70,000 Navy; 30,000 Air Force) (2025)
Military and Security: Military deployments
280 South Sudan (UNMISS) (2025)
Military and Security: Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the RTARF has a diverse array of foreign-supplied armaments, as well as some domestically produced items; its imported weapons and equipment are from a variety of suppliers, including China, several European countries, Israel, Russia, South Korea, and the US; Thailand's domestic defense industry produces such items as armored vehicles, artillery systems, naval vessels, unmanned aerial vehicles, and other military technologies (2025)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2015
1.34% (2015 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2016
1.33% (2016 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2017
1.34% (2017 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2018
1.33% (2018 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2019
1.33% (2019 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2020
1.46% (2020 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2021
1.42% (2021 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2022
1.24% (2022 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2023
1.13% (2023 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2024
1.08% (2024 est.)
Military and Security: Military service age and obligation
18 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; all men register at 17 years of age and are subject to selective compulsory military service at 21; volunteer service obligation may be as short as 6-18 months, depending on educational qualifications; conscript service obligation also varies by educational qualifications, but is typically 24 months (2025)
People and Society: Age structure: 0-14 years
15.8% (male 5,669,592/female 5,394,398)
People and Society: Age structure: 15-64 years
69% (male 23,681,528/female 24,597,535)
People and Society: Age structure: 65 years and over
15.1% (2024 est.) (male 4,714,191/female 5,863,754)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: beer
1.85 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: other alcohols
0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: spirits
4.78 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: total
6.86 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: wine
0.23 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Birth rate
9.82 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
People and Society: Child marriage: men married by age 18
5.8% (2022)
People and Society: Child marriage: women married by age 15
5.5% (2022)
People and Society: Child marriage: women married by age 18
17% (2022)
People and Society: Children under the age of 5 years underweight
6.7% (2022 est.)
People and Society: Current health expenditure
4.54% (2023 est.)
People and Society: Currently married women (ages 15-49)
52.4% (2022 est.)
People and Society: Death rate
8.08 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: elderly dependency ratio
23.1 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: potential support ratio
4.3 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio
45.9 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: youth dependency ratio
22.9 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: improved: rural
rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: improved: total
total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: improved: urban
urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: unimproved: rural
rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: unimproved: total
total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: unimproved: urban
urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Education expenditure: Education expenditure (% GDP)
2.5% of GDP (2023 est.)
People and Society: Education expenditure: Education expenditure (% national budget)
12.6% national budget (2025 est.)
People and Society: Education expenditures
2.52% (2023 est.)
People and Society: Ethnic groups
Thai 97.5%, Burmese 1.3%, other 1.1%, unspecified <0.1% (2015 est.)
People and Society: Gross reproduction rate
0.75 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Health expenditure: Health expenditure (as % of GDP)
5.2% of GDP (2021)
People and Society: Health expenditure: Health expenditure (as % of national budget)
16.1% of national budget (2022 est.)
People and Society: HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate
1.00% (2024 est.)
People and Society: Hospital bed density
2.4 beds/1,000 population (2023 est.)
People and Society: Infant mortality rate: female
5.6 deaths/1,000 live births
People and Society: Infant mortality rate: male
6.9 deaths/1,000 live births
People and Society: Infant mortality rate: total
7.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)
People and Society: Languages: Languages
Thai (official) only 90.7%, Thai and other languages 6.4%, only other languages 2.9% (includes Malay, Burmese); English is a secondary language among the elite (2010 est.)
People and Society: Languages: major-language sample(s)
สารานุกรมโลก - แหล่งข้อมูลพื้นฐานที่สำคัญ (Thai) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
People and Society: Life expectancy at birth: female
81.0 years (2024 est.)
People and Society: Life expectancy at birth: male
72.3 years (2024 est.)
People and Society: Literacy: female
91.5% (2022 est.)
People and Society: Literacy: male
90.7% (2022 est.)
People and Society: Literacy: total population
91.10% (2022 est.)
People and Society: Major urban areas - population
11.070 million BANGKOK (capital), 1.454 Chon Buri, 1.359 million Samut Prakan, 1.213 million Chiang Mai, 1.005 million Songkla, 1.001 million Nothaburi (2023)
People and Society: Maternal mortality ratio
34 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
People and Society: Median age: female
42.7 years
People and Society: Median age: male
40.2 years
People and Society: Mother's mean age at first birth
23.3 years (2009 est.)
People and Society: Nationality: adjective
Thai
People and Society: Net migration rate
-0.41 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
People and Society: Obesity - adult prevalence rate
10% (2016)
People and Society: Physician density
0.54 physicians/1,000 population (2021)
People and Society: Population
71,668,011 (2024 est.)
People and Society: Population distribution
highest population density is found in and around Bangkok; significant population clusters throughout large parts of the country, particularly north and northeast of Bangkok and in the extreme southern region of the country
People and Society: Population growth rate
0.13% (2025 est.)
People and Society: Population: female
35,924,232
People and Society: Population: male
34,101,016
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: improved: rural
rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: improved: total
total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: improved: urban
urban: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: unimproved: rural
rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: unimproved: total
total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: unimproved: urban
urban: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): female
16 years (2023 est.)
People and Society: School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): male
16 years (2023 est.)
People and Society: School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total
16 years (2023 est.)
People and Society: Sex ratio: 0-14 years
1.05 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: 15-64 years
0.96 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: 65 years and over
0.8 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: at birth
1.05 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: total population
0.95 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
People and Society: Tobacco use: female
1.6% (2025 est.)
People and Society: Tobacco use: male
36.1% (2025 est.)
People and Society: Tobacco use: total
18.1% (2025 est.)
People and Society: Total fertility rate
1.20 children born/woman (2024 est.)
People and Society: Urbanization: rate of urbanization
1.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
People and Society: Urbanization: urban population
61.87% (2024 est.)
Space: Key space-program milestones
1982 - established first satellite ground station 1993 - first foreign-built commercial communications satellite (Thaicom-1) launched on European rocket 2008 - first remote sensing satellite (Theos-1; aka Thaichote) co-developed with France and launched by Russia 2018 - first domestically produced scientific/research satellite (KNACKSAT) launched by US 2024 - signed memorandum of understanding with China for cooperation on Beijing's lunar research station project and space exploration; signed US-led Artemis Accords
Space: Space agency/agencies
Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency (GISTDA; created in 2000 from the Thailand Remote Sensing Center that was established in 1979); National Space Policy Committee (NSPC) (2025)
Space: Space launch site(s)
none; in 2023, announced intentions to build a spaceport with South Korean assistance (2025)
Space: Space program overview
has an ambitious national space program focused on the acquisition, production, and operation of satellites, as well as research and development of related infrastructure, sciences, and technologies; operates communications and remote sensing (RS) satellites; manufactures scientific/research/testing cube satellites and is developing the capabilities to produce RS satellites (has historically built satellites with foreign assistance); works with a range of foreign space agencies and industries, including those of China, France, India, the Netherlands, Pakistan, Russia, South Korea, and the US; founding member of the China-led Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization (APSCO); has a commercial space industry, including Southeast Asia’s first dedicated satellite manufacturing facility, which opened in 2021 (2025)
Transnational Issues: Illicit drugs: USG identification
major precursor-chemical producer (2025)
Transnational Issues: Refugees and internally displaced persons: IDPs
19 (2023 est.)
Transnational Issues: Refugees and internally displaced persons: refugees
87,025 (2024 est.)
Transnational Issues: Refugees and internally displaced persons: stateless persons
612,524 (2024 est.)
Transportation: Airports
105 (2025)
Transportation: Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
HS
Transportation: Heliports
5 (2025)
Transportation: Merchant marine: by type
bulk carrier 28, container ship 28, general cargo 88, oil tanker 251, other 489
Transportation: Merchant marine: total
884 (2023)
Transportation: Ports: key ports
Bangkok, Laem Chabang, Pattani, Phuket, Sattahip, Si Racha
Transportation: Ports: large
1
Transportation: Ports: medium
2
Transportation: Ports: ports with oil terminals
14
Transportation: Ports: small
3
Transportation: Ports: total ports
21 (2024)
Transportation: Ports: very small
15
Transportation: Railways: narrow gauge
4,043 km (2017) 1.000-m gauge
Transportation: Railways: standard gauge
84 km (2017) 1.435-m gauge (84 km electrified)
Transportation: Railways: total
4,127 km (2017)
Warning: Some information might be outdated or incorrect, please check statistics before using(most of the economical stats are correct, its mostly the Population stats that are incorrect). Some dates are listed but some are missed, if you have any issues please report it to the Github at github.com.