Communications: Broadband - fixed subscriptions: subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
31 (2023 est.)
Communications: Broadband - fixed subscriptions: total
2.08 million (2023 est.)
Communications: Internet country code
.rs
Communications: Internet users: percent of population
87.69% (2024 est.)
Communications: Telephones - fixed lines: subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
37 (2023 est.)
Communications: Telephones - fixed lines: total subscriptions
2.485 million (2023 est.)
Communications: Telephones - mobile cellular: subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
124 (2021 est.)
Communications: Telephones - mobile cellular: total subscriptions
8.53 million (2023 est.)
Economy: Agricultural products
maize, wheat, sugar beets, milk, sunflower seeds, soybeans, potatoes, barley, apples, plums (2023)
Economy: Average household expenditures: on alcohol and tobacco
7.8% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Economy: Average household expenditures: on food
24.1% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Economy: Budget: expenditures
$28.12 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Budget: revenues
$26.077 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2013
-$2.794 billion (2013 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2014
-$2.635 billion (2014 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2015
-$1.370 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2016
-$1.190 billion (2016 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2017
-$2.323 billion (2017 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2018
-$2.459 billion (2018 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2019
-$3.535 billion (2019 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2020
-$2.177 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2021
-$2.654 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2022
-$4.457 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2023
-$1.947 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2024
-$4.105 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: Debt - external: Debt - external 2022
$44.850 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Debt - external: Debt - external 2023
$21.726 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates
108.208 (2024 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Currency
Serbian dinars (RSD) per US dollar -
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2013
85.1588 (2013 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2014
88.4053 (2014 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2015
108.811 (2015 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2016
111.278 (2016 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2017
107.759 (2017 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2018
100.175 (2018 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2019
105.250 (2019 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2020
103.163 (2020 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2021
99.3959 (2021 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2022
111.662 (2022 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2023
108.403 (2023 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2024
108.208 (2024 est.)
Economy: Exports - commodities
insulated wire, electricity, copper ore, plastic products, electric motors (2023)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2011
$16.259 billion (2011 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2014
$19.804 billion (2014 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2015
$17.917 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2016
$19.615 billion (2016 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2017
$22.128 billion (2017 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2018
$25.692 billion (2018 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2019
$26.373 billion (2019 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2020
$25.761 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2021
$34.035 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2022
$39.905 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2023
$44.352 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2024
$48.278 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: exports of goods and services
52.7% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: government consumption
17.8% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption
62.7% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: imports of goods and services
-58.8% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: investment in fixed capital
23.6% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: investment in inventories
2% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture
3.1% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by sector of origin: industry
23.3% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by sector of origin: services
58.5% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - per capita (PPP)
$32,832 (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP (official exchange rate)
$89.084 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP (purchasing power parity) - real
$216.248 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2015
40.5 (2015 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2016
38.8 (2016 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017
36.1 (2017 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018
35.0 (2018 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2019
34.5 (2019 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2020
35.0 (2020 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2021
33.1 (2021 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022
32.8 (2022 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2023
32.8 (2023 est.)
Economy: Household income or consumption by percentage share: highest 10%
24.7% (2022 est.)
Economy: Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%
2.4% (2022 est.)
Economy: Imports - commodities
crude petroleum, natural gas, packaged medicine, plastic products, cars (2023)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2010
$18.599 billion (2010 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2015
$20.708 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2016
$21.635 billion (2016 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2017
$25.105 billion (2017 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2018
$30.033 billion (2018 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2019
$31.573 billion (2019 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2020
$30.295 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2021
$39.476 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2022
$47.395 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2023
$48.158 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2024
$52.384 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: Industrial production growth rate
2.9% (2024 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2015
1.39% (2015 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2016
1.12% (2016 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017
3.13% (2017 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018
1.96% (2018 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019
1.85% (2019 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020
1.58% (2020 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021
4.09% (2021 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022
11.98% (2022 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023
12.37% (2023 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024
4.67% (2024 est.)
Economy: Labor force
3.23 million (2024 est.)
Economy: Population below poverty line
19.70% (2023 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2016
73.1% of GDP (2016 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2014
$109.089 billion (2014 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2015
$110.307 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2016
$116.148 billion (2016 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017
$121.359 billion (2017 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019
$142.984 billion (2019 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020
$144.972 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021
$159.967 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022
$164.166 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023
$170.482 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024
$177.093 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2015
1.30% (2015 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2016
2.98% (2016 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2017
2.36% (2017 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2018
4.65% (2018 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2019
4.75% (2019 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2020
-0.95% (2020 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2021
7.95% (2021 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2022
2.70% (2022 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2023
3.75% (2023 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2024
3.95% (2024 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2014
$15,296 (2014 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2015
$15,546 (2015 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2016
$16,455 (2016 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2017
$17,285 (2017 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2019
$20,587 (2019 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2020
$21,013 (2020 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2021
$23,406 (2021 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2022
$26,143 (2022 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2023
$29,777 (2023 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2013
$4.025 billion (2013 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2014
$3.696 billion (2014 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2015
$3.370 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2020
$3.869 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2021
6.9% of GDP (2021 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2022
8.5% of GDP (2022 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2023
7.1% of GDP (2023 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2024
$5.763 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2015
$11.345 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2016
$10.749 billion (2016 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2017
$11.906 billion (2017 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2018
$12.874 billion (2018 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2019
$14.995 billion (2019 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2020
$16.587 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021
$18.617 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022
$20.68 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023
$27.569 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024
$30.484 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: Taxes and other revenues
23.9% (of GDP) (2022 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2019
10.39% (2019 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2020
9.01% (2020 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2021
9.84% (2021 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2022
8.44% (2022 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2023
8.27% (2023 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2024
7.24% (2024 est.)
Economy: Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): female
24.1% (2024 est.)
Economy: Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): male
21.8% (2024 est.)
Economy: Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): total
22.7% (2024 est.)
Energy: Coal: consumption
37.828 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: exports
16,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: imports
4.542 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: production
33.219 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: proven reserves
7.112 billion metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity access: electrification - total population
100% (2022 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: biomass and waste
0.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: fossil fuels
65.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: hydroelectricity
30.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: solar
1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: wind
2.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: consumption
34.413 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: exports
7.351 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: imports
5.395 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: installed generating capacity
8.202 million kW (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: transmission/distribution losses
4.881 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Energy consumption per capita: Total energy consumption per capita 2023
91.884 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: consumption
2.886 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: imports
2.471 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: production
336.605 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: proven reserves
48.139 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Energy: Petroleum: crude oil estimated reserves
77.5 million barrels (2021 est.)
Energy: Petroleum: refined petroleum consumption
88,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Energy: Petroleum: total petroleum production
13,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: from coal and metallurgical coke
27.743 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: from consumed natural gas
5.374 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: from petroleum and other liquids
11.665 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: total emissions
44.782 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Climate
in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid summers with well-distributed rainfall); in other parts, continental and Mediterranean climate (relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall and hot, dry summers and autumns)
Environment: Environmental issues
air pollution around Belgrade and other industrial cities; water pollution from industrial wastes in rivers; inadequate management of domestic, industrial, and hazardous waste
Environment: Geoparks: global geoparks and regional networks
Djerdap (2023)
Environment: Geoparks: total global geoparks and regional networks
1
Environment: International environmental agreements: party to
Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
Environment: International environmental agreements: signed, but not ratified
none of the selected agreements
Environment: Land use: agricultural land
40.4% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 31% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 2.5% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 6.6% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: forest
40.4% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: other
27.2% (2023 est.)
Environment: Particulate matter emissions
21.7 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Environment: Total renewable water resources
162.2 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Environment: Total water withdrawal: agricultural
422 million cubic meters (2022)
Environment: Total water withdrawal: industrial
3.967 billion cubic meters (2022)
Environment: Total water withdrawal: municipal
702 million cubic meters (2022)
Environment: Urbanization: rate of urbanization
0.04% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Environment: Urbanization: urban population
62.38% (2024 est.)
Environment: Waste and recycling: municipal solid waste generated annually
2.347 million tons (2024 est.)
Environment: Waste and recycling: percent of municipal solid waste recycled
1% (2022 est.)
Geography: Area - comparative
slightly smaller than South Carolina
Geography: Area: land
77,474 sq km
Geography: Area: water
0 sq km
Geography: Coastline
0 km (landlocked)
Geography: Elevation: highest point
Midzor 2,169 m
Geography: Elevation: lowest point
Danube and Timok Rivers 35 m
Geography: Elevation: mean elevation
442 m
Geography: Geographic coordinates
44 00 N, 21 00 E
Geography: Geography - note
landlocked; controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkey and the Near East
Geography: Irrigated land
550 sq km (2022)
Geography: Land boundaries: border countries
Bosnia and Herzegovina 345 km; Bulgaria 344 km; Croatia 314 km; Hungary 164 km; Kosovo 366 km; North Macedonia 101 km; Montenegro 157 km; Romania 531 km
Geography: Land boundaries: total
2,322 km
Geography: Land use: agricultural land
40.4% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 31% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 2.5% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 6.6% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: forest
40.4% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: other
27.2% (2023 est.)
Geography: Major rivers (by length in km)
Dunav (Danube) (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Moldova, and Romania [m]) - 2,888 km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Geography: Major watersheds (area sq km): Atlantic Ocean drainage
(Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)
Geography: Map references
Europe
Geography: Maritime claims
none (landlocked)
Geography: Natural hazards
destructive earthquakes
Geography: Population distribution
a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations
Geography: Terrain
extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountains and hills
Government: Administrative divisions
117 municipalities ( opstine , singular - opstina ) and 28 cities ( gradovi , singular - grad ) municipalities: Ada*, Aleksandrovac, Aleksinac, Alibunar*, Apatin*, Arandelovac, Arilje, Babusnica, Bac*, Backa Palanka*, Backa Topola*, Backi Petrovac*, Bajina Basta, Batocina, Becej*, Bela Crkva*, Bela Palanka, Beocin*, Blace, Bogatic, Bojnik, Boljevac, Bosilegrad, Brus, Bujanovac, Cajetina, Cicevac, Coka*, Crna Trava, Cuprija, Despotovac, Dimitrov, Doljevac, Gadzin Han, Golubac, Gornji Milanovac, Indija*, Irig*, Ivanjica, Kanjiza*, Kladovo, Knic, Knjazevac, Koceljeva, Kosjeric, Kovacica*, Kovin*, Krupanj, Kucevo, Kula*, Kursumlija, Lajkovac, Lapovo, Lebane, Ljig, Ljubovija, Lucani, Majdanpek, Mali Idos*, Mali Zvornik, Malo Crnice, Medveda, Merosina, Mionica, Negotin, Nova Crnja*, Nova Varos, Novi Becej*, Novi Knezevac*, Odzaci*, Opovo*, Osecina, Paracin, Pecinci*, Petrovac na Mlavi, Plandiste*, Pozega, Presevo, Priboj, Prijepolje, Raca, Raska, Razanj, Rekovac, Ruma*, Secanj*, Senta*, Sid*, Sjenica, Smederevska Palanka, Sokobanja, Srbobran*, Sremski Karlovci*, Stara Pazova*, Surdulica, Svilajnac, Svrljig, Temerin*, Titel*, Topola, Trgoviste, Trstenik, Tutin, Ub, Varvarin, Velika Plana, Veliko Gradiste, Vladicin Han, Vladimirci, Vlasotince, Vrbas*, Vrnjacka Banja, Zabalj*, Zabari, Zagubica, Zitiste*, Zitorada cities: Beograd (Belgrade), Bor, Cacak, Jagodina, Kikinda*, Kragujevac, Kraljevo, Krusevac, Leskovac, Loznica, Nis, Novi Pazar, Novi Sad*, Pancevo*, Pirot, Pozarevac, Prokuplje, Sabac, Smederevo, Sombor*, Sremska Mitrovica*, Subotica*, Uzice, Valjevo, Vranje, Vrsac*, Zajecar, Zrenjanin*
Government: Capital: daylight saving time
+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Government: Capital: etymology
the name comes from the Serbian words beo (white) and grad (city); it probably referred to the white stone of the city fortress
Government: Capital: geographic coordinates
44 50 N, 20 30 E
Government: Capital: time difference
UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Government: Citizenship: citizenship by birth
no
Government: Citizenship: citizenship by descent only
at least one parent must be a citizen of Serbia
Government: Citizenship: dual citizenship recognized
yes
Government: Citizenship: residency requirement for naturalization
3 years
Government: Constitution: amendment process
proposed by at least one third of deputies in the National Assembly, by the president of the republic, by the government, or by petition of at least 150,000 voters; passage of proposals and draft amendments each requires at least two-thirds majority vote in the Assembly; amendments to constitutional articles including the preamble, constitutional principles, and human and minority rights and freedoms also require passage by simple majority vote in a referendum
Government: Constitution: history
many previous; latest adopted 30 September 2006, approved by referendum 28-29 October 2006, effective 8 November 2006
Government: Country name: conventional short form
Serbia
Government: Country name: etymology
the country takes its name from the Serb people; the origin of their name is unclear but may derive from the Caucasian root word ser , meaning "man"
Government: Country name: former
People's Republic of Serbia, Socialist Republic of Serbia
Government: Country name: local long form
Republika Srbija
Government: Country name: local short form
Srbija
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission
Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires Alexander TITOLO (since January 2025)
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: email address and website
belgradeacs@state.gov https://rs.usembassy.gov/
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: embassy
92 Bulevar kneza Aleksandra Karadjordjevica, 11040 Belgrade
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: FAX
[381] (11) 706-4481
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: mailing address
5070 Belgrade Place, Washington, DC 20521-5070
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: telephone
[381] (11) 706-4000
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: chancery
1333 16th Street, NW Washington, D.C. 20036
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission
Ambassador Dragan ŠUTANOVAC (since 24 July 2025)
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: consulate(s) general
Chicago, New York
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: email address and website
info@serbiaembusa.org http://www.washington.mfa.gov.rs/
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: FAX
[1] (202) 332-3933
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: telephone
[1] (202) 507-8654
Government: Executive branch: cabinet
Cabinet elected by the National Assembly
Government: Executive branch: chief of state
President Aleksandar VUCIC (since 31 May 2017)
Government: Executive branch: election results
2022: Aleksandar VUCIC reelected in first round; percent of vote - Aleksandar VUCIC (SNS) 60%, Zdravko PONOS (US) 18.9%, Milos JOVANOVIC (NADA) 6.1%, Bosko OBRADOVIC (Dveri-POKS) 4.5%, Milica DJURDJEVIC STAMENKOVSKI (SSZ) 4.3%, other 6.2% 2017: Aleksandar VUCIC elected president in first round; percent of vote - Aleksandar VUCIC (SNS) 55.1%, Sasa JANKOVIC (independent) 16.4%, Luka MAKSIMOVIC (independent) 9.4%, Vuk JEREMIC (independent) 5.7%, Vojislav SESELJ (SRS) 4.5%, other 7.3%, invalid/blank 1.6%; Prime Minister Ana BRNABIC reelected by the National Assembly on 5 October 2020; National Assembly vote - NA
Government: Executive branch: election/appointment process
president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister elected by the National Assembly
Government: Executive branch: expected date of next election
2028
Government: Executive branch: head of government
Prime Minister Djuro MACUT (since 16 April 2025)
Government: Executive branch: most recent election date
17 December 2023
Government: Flag
description: three equal horizontal stripes of red (top), blue, and white; the national coat of arms is shifted to the left side; the principal field of the coat of arms displays a two-headed white eagle on a red shield; a smaller red shield on the eagle is divided into four quarters by a white cross; a royal crown is on top of the coat of arms meaning: red, blue, and white are the pan-Slav colors that represent freedom and revolutionary ideals; the eagle on a red shield represents the government; the smaller shield represents the country; the meaning and origin of the curved white symbols in each quarter are not clear
Government: International law organization participation
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Government: International organization participation
BIS, BSEC, CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, EU (candidate country), FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNOCI, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)
Government: Judicial branch: highest court(s)
Supreme Court of Cassation (consists of 36 judges, including the court president); Constitutional Court (consists of 15 judges, including the court president and vice president)
Government: Judicial branch: judge selection and term of office
Supreme Court justices proposed by the High Judicial Council (HJC), an 11-member independent body consisting of 8 judges elected by the National Assembly and 3 ex-officio members; justices appointed by the National Assembly; Constitutional Court judges elected - 5 each by the National Assembly, the president, and the Supreme Court of Cassation; initial appointment of Supreme Court judges by the HJC is 3 years and beyond that period tenure is permanent; Constitutional Court judges elected for 9-year terms
Government: Judicial branch: subordinate courts
basic courts, higher courts, appellate courts; courts of special jurisdiction include the Administrative Court, commercial courts, and misdemeanor courts
Government: Legal system
civil law system
Government: Legislative branch: electoral system
proportional representation
Government: Legislative branch: expected date of next election
December 2027
Government: Legislative branch: legislative structure
unicameral
Government: Legislative branch: legislature name
National Assembly (Narodna skupstina)
Government: Legislative branch: most recent election date
12/17/2023
Government: Legislative branch: number of seats
250 (all directly elected)
Government: Legislative branch: parties elected and seats per party
Aleksandar Vucic – Serbia Must Not Stop (129); Serbia Against Violence (65); Ivica Dacic - Prime Minister of Serbia (18); Dr Miloš Jovanović - Hope for Serbia (13); We – Voice of the People, Prof. Dr. Branimir Nestorovic (13); Other (12)
Government: Legislative branch: percentage of women in chamber
37.2%
Government: Legislative branch: scope of elections
full renewal
Government: Legislative branch: term in office
4 years
Government: National anthem(s): history
adopted 1904; song originally written as part of a play in 1872, and the Serbian people have used it as an anthem in the 20th and 21st centuries
Government: National anthem(s): lyrics/music
Jovan DORDEVIC/Davorin JENKO
Government: National color(s)
red, blue, white
Government: National heritage: selected World Heritage Site locales
Stari Ras and Sopoćani; Studenica Monastery; Gamzigrad-Romuliana, Palace of Galerius; Stećci Medieval Tombstone Graveyards
Government: National heritage: total World Heritage Sites
4 (all cultural)
Government: National holiday
Statehood Day, 15 February (1835), the day the first constitution of the country was adopted
Government: National symbol(s)
white double-headed eagle
Government: Political parties
Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians or SVM or VMSZ Democratic Alliance of Croats in Vojvodina or DSHV Democratic Party or DS Ecological Uprising or EU Green - Left Front or ZLF Greens of Serbia or ZS Justice and Reconciliation Party or SPP (formerly Bosniak Democratic Union of Sandzak or BDZS) Movement for Reversal or PZP Movement for the Restoration of the Kingdom of Serbia or POKS Movement of Free Citizens or PSG Movement of Socialists or PS National Democratic Alternative or NADA (electoral coalition includes NDSS and POKS) New Communist Party of Yugoslavia or NKPJ New Democratic Party of Serbia or NDSS or New DSS (formerly Democratic Party of Serbia or DSS) New Face of Serbia or NLS Party of Democratic Action of the Sandzak or SDAS Party of Freedom and Justice or SSP Party of United Pensioners, Farmers, and Proletarians of Serbia – Solidarity and Justice or PUPS - Solidarity and Justice (formerly Party of United Pensioners of Serbia or PUPS) People's Movement of Serbia or NPS People's Movement of Serbs from Kosovo and Metohija or Fatherland People's Peasant Party or NSS Political Battle of the Albanians Continues Russian Party or RS Serbia Against Violence or SPN (electoral coalition includes DS, SSP, ZLF, Zajedno, NPS, PSG, EU, PZP, USS Sloga, NLS, Fatherland) Serbia Must Not Stop (electoral coalitions includes SNS, SDPS, PUPS, PSS, SNP, SPO, PS, NSS, USS) Serbian People's Party or SNP Serbian Progressive Party or SNS Serbian Renewal Movement or SPO Social Democratic Party of Serbia or SDPS Socialist Party of Serbia or SPS Strength of Serbia or PSS Together or ZAJEDNO United Peasant Party or USS United Serbia or JS United Trade Unions of Serbia "Sloga" or USS Sloga We - The Voice from the People or MI-GIN
Government: Suffrage
18 years of age, 16 if employed; universal
Introduction: Background
In 1918, the Croats, Serbs, and Slovenes formed a kingdom known after 1929 as Yugoslavia. The monarchy remained in power until 1945, when the communist Partisans headed by Josip Broz (aka TITO) took control of the newly created Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). After TITO died in 1980, communism in Yugoslavia gradually gave way to resurgent nationalism. In 1989, Slobodan MILOSEVIC became president of the Republic of Serbia, and his calls for Serbian domination led to the violent breakup of Yugoslavia along ethnic lines. In 1991, Croatia, Slovenia, and Macedonia declared independence, followed by Bosnia in 1992. The remaining republics of Serbia and Montenegro declared a new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) in 1992, and MILOSEVIC led military campaigns to unite ethnic Serbs in neighboring republics into a "Greater Serbia." These actions ultimately failed, and international intervention led to the signing of the Dayton Accords in 1995. In 1998, an ethnic Albanian insurgency in the formerly autonomous Serbian province of Kosovo resulted in a brutal Serbian counterinsurgency campaign. Serbia rejected a proposed international settlement, and NATO responded with a bombing campaign that forced Serbian forces to withdraw from Kosovo in June 1999. In 2003, the FRY became the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro, a loose federation of the two republics. In 2006, Montenegro seceded and declared itself an independent nation. In 2008, Kosovo also declared independence -- an action Serbia still refuses to recognize. In 2013, Serbia and Kosovo signed the first agreement of principles governing the normalization of relations between the two countries. Additional agreements were reached in 2015 and 2023, but implementation remains incomplete. Serbia has been an official candidate for EU membership since 2012, and President Aleksandar VUCIC has promoted the ambitious goal of Serbia joining the EU by 2025.
Military and Security: Military - note
the Serbian military is responsible for defense and deterrence against external threats, supporting international peacekeeping operations, and providing support to civil authorities for internal security; specific areas of concerns for the military include ethnic and religious extremism, separatism, and deepening international recognition of Kosovo; Serbia has cooperated with NATO since 2006, when it joined the Partnership for Peace program, and the military trains with NATO countries, particularly other Balkan states; Serbia has participated in EU peacekeeping missions, as well as missions under the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe and the UN; it traditionally has maintained close security ties with Russia and has a growing security relationship with China the modern Serbian military was established in 2006 but traces its origins back through World War II, World War I, the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913, and the Bulgarian-Serb War of 1885 to the First (1804-1813) and Second (1815-1817) Uprisings against the Ottoman Empire (2025)
Military and Security: Military and security forces
Serbian Armed Forces (Vojska Srbije, VS): Army (aka Land Forces; includes Riverine Component, consisting of a naval flotilla on the Danube), Air and Air Defense Forces, Serbian Guard Serbian Ministry of Internal Affairs: Police Directorate (2025)
Military and Security: Military and security service personnel strengths
approximately 25,000 active-duty Armed Forces (15,000 Land Forces; 5,000 Air/Air Defense; 5,000 other, including Serbian Guard) (2025)
Military and Security: Military deployments
180 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (2025)
Military and Security: Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the military's inventory consists of a mix of Soviet/Cold War-era and some more modern weapons systems from suppliers such as China, France, and Russia; Serbia has a defense industry focused on armored vehicles, artillery systems, and munitions (2025)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2015
1.70% (2015 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2016
1.86% (2016 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2017
1.75% (2017 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2018
2.02% (2018 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2019
2.18% (2019 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2020
2.30% (2020 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2021
2.73% (2021 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2022
2.17% (2022 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2023
2.21% (2023 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2024
2.60% (2024 est.)
Military and Security: Military service age and obligation
18 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; conscription abolished in 2011 (2025)
People and Society: Age structure: 0-14 years
14.4% (male 492,963/female 463,995)
People and Society: Age structure: 15-64 years
65.6% (male 2,198,591/female 2,168,113)
People and Society: Age structure: 65 years and over
20% (2024 est.) (male 551,197/female 777,353)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: beer
3.24 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: other alcohols
0.22 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: spirits
2.37 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: total
7.45 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: wine
1.62 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Birth rate
8.72 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
People and Society: Child marriage: women married by age 15
1.2% (2019)
People and Society: Child marriage: women married by age 18
5.5% (2019)
People and Society: Children under the age of 5 years underweight
1% (2019 est.)
People and Society: Current health expenditure
8.03% (2023 est.)
People and Society: Currently married women (ages 15-49)
54.3% (2022 est.)
People and Society: Death rate
14.66 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: elderly dependency ratio
30.4 (2024 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: potential support ratio
3.3 (2024 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio
52.3 (2024 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: youth dependency ratio
21.9 (2024 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: improved: rural
rural: 96.1% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: improved: total
total: 95.7% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: improved: urban
urban: 95.4% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: unimproved: rural
rural: 3.9% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: unimproved: total
total: 4.3% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: unimproved: urban
urban: 4.6% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Education expenditure: Education expenditure (% GDP)
3.4% of GDP (2023 est.)
People and Society: Education expenditure: Education expenditure (% national budget)
8.4% national budget (2023 est.)
People and Society: Education expenditures
3.40% (2023 est.)
People and Society: Ethnic groups
Serb 83.3%, Hungarian 3.5%, Romani 2.1%, Bosniak 2%, other 5.7%, undeclared or unknown 3.4% (2011 est.)
People and Society: Gross reproduction rate
0.71 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Health expenditure: Health expenditure (as % of GDP)
10% of GDP (2021)
People and Society: Health expenditure: Health expenditure (as % of national budget)
13.7% of national budget (2022 est.)
People and Society: HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate
0.10% (2024 est.)
People and Society: Hospital bed density
5.8 beds/1,000 population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Infant mortality rate: female
3.9 deaths/1,000 live births
People and Society: Infant mortality rate: male
5.1 deaths/1,000 live births
People and Society: Infant mortality rate: total
4.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)
People and Society: Languages: Languages
Serbian (official) 88.1%, Hungarian 3.4%, Bosnian 1.9%, Romani 1.4%, other 3.4%, undeclared or unknown 1.8% (2011 est.)
People and Society: Languages: major-language sample(s)
Knjiga svetskih činjenica, neophodan izvor osnovnih informacija. (Serbian) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
People and Society: Life expectancy at birth: female
78.3 years (2024 est.)
People and Society: Life expectancy at birth: male
73.7 years (2024 est.)
People and Society: Literacy: female
99.1% (2022 est.)
People and Society: Literacy: male
99.6% (2022 est.)
People and Society: Literacy: total population
99.34% (2022 est.)
People and Society: Major urban areas - population
1.408 million BELGRADE (capital) (2023)
People and Society: Maternal mortality ratio
11 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
People and Society: Median age: female
45.4 years
People and Society: Median age: male
42.4 years
People and Society: Mother's mean age at first birth
28.2 years (2020 est.)
People and Society: Nationality: adjective
Serbian
People and Society: Net migration rate
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
People and Society: Obesity - adult prevalence rate
21.5% (2016)
People and Society: Physician density
3.1 physicians/1,000 population (2022)
People and Society: Population
6,586,476 (2024 est.)
People and Society: Population distribution
a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations
People and Society: Population growth rate
-0.56% (2024 est.)
People and Society: Population: female
3,409,461
People and Society: Population: male
3,242,751
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: improved: rural
rural: 95.6% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: improved: total
total: 97.9% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: improved: urban
urban: 99.7% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: unimproved: rural
rural: 4.4% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: unimproved: total
total: 2.1% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: unimproved: urban
urban: 0.3% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): female
16 years (2022 est.)
People and Society: School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): male
14 years (2022 est.)
People and Society: School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total
15 years (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sex ratio: 0-14 years
1.06 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: 15-64 years
1.01 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: 65 years and over
0.71 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: at birth
1.06 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: total population
0.95 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
People and Society: Tobacco use: female
34.5% (2025 est.)
People and Society: Tobacco use: male
37.8% (2025 est.)
People and Society: Tobacco use: total
36% (2025 est.)
People and Society: Total fertility rate
1.64 children born/woman (2024 est.)
People and Society: Urbanization: rate of urbanization
0.04% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
People and Society: Urbanization: urban population
62.38% (2024 est.)
Transnational Issues: Refugees and internally displaced persons: IDPs
194,171 (2024 est.)
Transnational Issues: Refugees and internally displaced persons: refugees
36,270 (2024 est.)
Transnational Issues: Refugees and internally displaced persons: stateless persons
1,715 (2024 est.)
Transportation: Airports
46 (2025)
Transportation: Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
YU
Transportation: Heliports
11 (2025)
Transportation: Railways: total
3,333 km (2020) 1,274 km electrified
Warning: Some information might be outdated or incorrect, please check statistics before using(most of the economical stats are correct, its mostly the Population stats that are incorrect). Some dates are listed but some are missed, if you have any issues please report it to the Github at github.com.