Communications: Broadband - fixed subscriptions: subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
25 (2022 est.)
Communications: Broadband - fixed subscriptions: total
35.9 million (2022 est.)
Communications: Broadcast media
13 national TV stations: the federal government owns 1 and controls a second, state-owned Gazprom controls 2, state-affiliated Bank Rossiya controls 2, Moscow city administration runs 1, the Russian Orthodox Church owns 1, and the Russian military owns 1; around 3,300 national, regional, and local TV stations, with over two-thirds completely or partially state-controlled; satellite TV available; 2 state-run national radio networks, with a third majority-owned by Gazprom; around 2,400 public and commercial radio stations
Communications: Internet country code
.ru
Communications: Internet users: percent of population
94.36% (2024 est.)
Communications: Telephones - fixed lines: subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
15 (2022 est.)
Communications: Telephones - fixed lines: total subscriptions
20,816,300 (2023 est.)
Communications: Telephones - mobile cellular: subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
186 (2024 est.)
Communications: Telephones - mobile cellular: total subscriptions
270 million (2024 est.)
Economy: Agricultural products
wheat, sugar beets, milk, barley, potatoes, sunflower seeds, maize, soybeans, chicken, pork (2023)
Economy: Average household expenditures: on alcohol and tobacco
5.9% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Economy: Average household expenditures: on food
25.3% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Economy: Budget: expenditures
$635.809 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Budget: revenues
$704.613 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2013
$33.428 billion (2013 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2014
$57.513 billion (2014 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2015
$67.777 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2016
$24.469 billion (2016 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2017
$32.179 billion (2017 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2018
$115.680 billion (2018 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2019
$65.627 billion (2019 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2020
$35.373 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2021
$124.953 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2022
$237.735 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2023
$49.439 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2024
$62.287 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: Debt - external: Debt - external 2022
$135.301 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates
92.5524 (2024 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Currency
Russian rubles (RUB) per US dollar -
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2013
31.8371 (2013 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2014
38.3782 (2014 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2015
60.9377 (2015 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2016
67.0559 (2016 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2017
58.3428 (2017 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2018
62.6681 (2018 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2019
64.7377 (2019 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2020
72.1049 (2020 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2021
73.6543 (2021 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2022
68.4849 (2022 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2023
85.1620 (2023 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2024
92.5524 (2024 est.)
Economy: Exports - commodities
crude petroleum, refined petroleum, natural gas, coal, fertilizers (2023)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2011
$573.991 billion (2011 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2014
$558.283 billion (2014 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2015
$391.366 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2016
$330.107 billion (2016 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2017
$410.722 billion (2017 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2018
$510.346 billion (2018 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2019
$481.411 billion (2019 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2020
$381.066 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2021
$548.800 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2022
$640.878 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2023
$465.22 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2024
$475.277 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: exports of goods and services
21.9% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: government consumption
18.6% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption
49.4% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: imports of goods and services
-17.6% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: investment in fixed capital
22.1% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: investment in inventories
4.2% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture
2.7% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by sector of origin: industry
30.7% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by sector of origin: services
57.5% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - per capita (PPP)
$47,405 (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP (official exchange rate)
$2.174 trillion (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP (purchasing power parity) - real
$6.921 trillion (2024 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2015
36.5 (2015 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2016
36.7 (2016 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017
35.5 (2017 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018
35.3 (2018 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2019
35.7 (2019 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2020
33.7 (2020 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2021
35.1 (2021 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022
33.9 (2022 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2023
33.0 (2023 est.)
Economy: Household income or consumption by percentage share: highest 10%
26.6% (2021 est.)
Economy: Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%
2.7% (2021 est.)
Economy: Imports - commodities
cars, packaged medicine, broadcasting equipment, garments, plastic products (2023)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2010
$322.367 billion (2010 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2015
$281.640 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2016
$263.830 billion (2016 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2017
$327.207 billion (2017 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2018
$344.520 billion (2018 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2019
$352.089 billion (2019 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2020
$305.255 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2021
$376.516 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2022
$347.384 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2023
$379.659 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2024
$381.45 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: Industrial production growth rate
4.1% (2024 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2015
15.53% (2015 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2016
7.04% (2016 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017
3.68% (2017 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018
2.88% (2018 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019
4.47% (2019 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020
3.38% (2020 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021
6.69% (2021 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022
13.74% (2022 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023
5.87% (2023 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024
8.43% (2024 est.)
Economy: Labor force
72.517 million (2024 est.)
Economy: Population below poverty line
12.1% (2020 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2013
9.07% (2013 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2014
11.20% (2014 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2016
14.24% (2016 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2017
16.33% (2017 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2018
16.17% (2018 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2019
17.28% (2019 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2020
22.99% (2020 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2021
21.03% (2021 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2022
19.29% (2022 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2023
18.50% (2023 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2014
$3.764 trillion (2014 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2015
$3.526 trillion (2015 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2016
$3.539 trillion (2016 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017
$3.807 trillion (2017 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019
$4.580 trillion (2019 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020
$4.651 trillion (2020 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021
$5.688 trillion (2021 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022
$5.607 trillion (2022 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023
$5.835 trillion (2023 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024
$6.089 trillion (2024 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2015
-1.97% (2015 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2016
0.19% (2016 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2017
1.83% (2017 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2018
2.81% (2018 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2019
2.20% (2019 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2020
-2.65% (2020 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2021
5.87% (2021 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2022
-1.44% (2022 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2023
4.08% (2023 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2024
4.34% (2024 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2014
$25,688 (2014 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2015
$23,994 (2015 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2016
$24,012 (2016 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2017
$25,778 (2017 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2019
$30,964 (2019 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2020
$31,491 (2020 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2021
$38,638 (2021 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2022
$40,939 (2022 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2023
$44,269 (2023 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2013
$6.751 billion (2013 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2014
$7.777 billion (2014 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2015
$6.903 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2020
$9.915 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2021
$9.647 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2022
0.1% of GDP (2022 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2023
0.1% of GDP (2023 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2024
0.1% of GDP (2024 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2015
$368.043 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2016
$377.052 billion (2016 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2017
$432.731 billion (2017 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2018
$468.645 billion (2018 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2019
$555.179 billion (2019 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2020
$596.770 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021
$632.242 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022
$581.71 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023
$597.217 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024
$608.361 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: Taxes and other revenues
12.1% (of GDP) (2023 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2019
4.51% (2019 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2020
5.62% (2020 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2021
4.75% (2021 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2022
3.87% (2022 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2023
3.08% (2023 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2024
2.43% (2024 est.)
Economy: Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): female
9.8% (2024 est.)
Economy: Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): male
8.8% (2024 est.)
Economy: Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): total
9.3% (2024 est.)
Energy: Coal: consumption
290.763 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: exports
211.944 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: imports
20.765 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: production
531.13 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: proven reserves
162.166 billion metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity access: electrification - rural areas
100%
Energy: Electricity access: electrification - total population
100% (2022 est.)
Energy: Electricity access: electrification - urban areas
99.1%
Energy: Electricity generation sources: biomass and waste
0.3% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: fossil fuels
61.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: hydroelectricity
17.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: nuclear
19.3% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: solar
0.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: wind
0.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: consumption
1.011 trillion kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: exports
18.66 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: imports
2.852 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: installed generating capacity
301.926 million kW (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: transmission/distribution losses
97.301 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Energy consumption per capita: Total energy consumption per capita 2023
224.858 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: consumption
474.448 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: exports
124.479 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: imports
5.724 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: production
613.447 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: proven reserves
47.805 trillion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Energy: Nuclear energy: Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors
26.8GW (2025 est.)
Energy: Nuclear energy: Number of nuclear reactors permanently shut down
11 (2025)
Energy: Nuclear energy: Number of nuclear reactors under construction
4 (2025)
Energy: Nuclear energy: Number of operational nuclear reactors
36 (2025)
Energy: Nuclear energy: Percent of total electricity production
18.4% (2023 est.)
Energy: Petroleum: crude oil estimated reserves
80 billion barrels (2021 est.)
Energy: Petroleum: refined petroleum consumption
3.863 million bbl/day (2023 est.)
Energy: Petroleum: total petroleum production
10.879 million bbl/day (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: from coal and metallurgical coke
479.311 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: from consumed natural gas
912.076 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: from petroleum and other liquids
453.103 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: total emissions
1.844 billion metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Climate
ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast
Environment: Environmental issues
air pollution from heavy industry, coal-fired electric plants, and transportation in major cities; industrial, municipal, and agricultural pollution of inland waterways and seacoasts; deforestation; soil erosion; soil contamination from agricultural chemicals; nuclear waste disposal; scattered areas of radioactive contamination; groundwater contamination from toxic waste; urban solid-waste management; abandoned stocks of pesticides
Environment: Geoparks: global geoparks and regional networks
Yangan-Tau (2023)
Environment: Geoparks: total global geoparks and regional networks
1
Environment: International environmental agreements: party to
Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
Environment: International environmental agreements: signed, but not ratified
Air Pollution-Sulfur 94
Environment: Land use: agricultural land
13.2% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 7.4% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 0.1% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 5.6% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: forest
50.7% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: other
35.9% (2023 est.)
Environment: Methane emissions: agriculture
1,972.6 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Environment: Methane emissions: energy
13,815.3 kt (2022-2024 est.)
Environment: Methane emissions: other
363.2 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Environment: Methane emissions: waste
4,069.8 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Environment: Particulate matter emissions
9.1 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Environment: Total renewable water resources
4.53 trillion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Environment: Total water withdrawal: agricultural
18.64 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Environment: Total water withdrawal: industrial
29.03 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Environment: Total water withdrawal: municipal
17.15 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Environment: Urbanization: rate of urbanization
0.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Environment: Urbanization: urban population
75.11% (2024 est.)
Environment: Waste and recycling: municipal solid waste generated annually
60 million tons (2024 est.)
Environment: Waste and recycling: percent of municipal solid waste recycled
5.3% (2022 est.)
Geography: Area - comparative
approximately 1.8 times the size of the US
Geography: Area: land
16,377,742 sq km
Geography: Area: water
720,500 sq km
Geography: Coastline
37,653 km
Geography: Elevation: highest point
Gora El'brus (highest point in Europe) 5,642 m
Geography: Elevation: lowest point
Caspian Sea -28 m
Geography: Elevation: mean elevation
600 m
Geography: Geographic coordinates
60 00 N, 100 00 E
Geography: Geography - note
note 1: largest country in the world in terms of area; despite its size, much of the country lacks the soil and climate (either too cold or too dry) for agriculture note 2: Russia's far east, particularly the Kamchatka Peninsula, lies along the Ring of Fire, which is a belt bordering the Pacific Ocean that contains about 75% of the world's volcanoes and up to 90% of the world's earthquakes note 3: Mount El'brus is Europe's tallest peak; Lake Baikal, the deepest lake in the world, is estimated to hold one fifth of the world's fresh surface water note 4: Kaliningrad oblast is an exclave annexed from Germany after World War II; its capital city of Kaliningrad -- formerly Koenigsberg -- is the only Baltic port in Russia that remains ice-free in the winter
Geography: Irrigated land
43,000 sq km (2012)
Geography: Land boundaries: border countries
Azerbaijan 338 km; Belarus 1,312 km; China (southeast) 4,133 km and China (south) 46 km; Estonia 324 km; Finland 1,309 km; Georgia 894 km; Kazakhstan 7,644 km; North Korea 18 km; Latvia 332 km; Lithuania (Kaliningrad Oblast) 261 km; Mongolia 3,452 km; Norway 191 km; Poland (Kaliningrad Oblast) 209 km; Ukraine 1,944 km
Geography: Land boundaries: total
22,407 km
Geography: Land use: agricultural land
13.2% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 7.4% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 0.1% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 5.6% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: forest
50.7% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: other
35.9% (2023 est.)
Geography: Major aquifers
Angara-Lena Basin, Pechora Basin, North Caucasus Basin, East European Aquifer System, West Siberian Basin, Tunguss Basin, Yakut Basin
Geography: Major lakes (area sq km): fresh water lake(s)
Lake Baikal - 31,500 sq km; Lake Ladoga - 18,130 sq km; Lake Onega - 9,720 sq km; Lake Khanka (shared with China) - 5,010 sq km; Lake Peipus - 4,300 sq km (shared with Estonia); Ozero Vygozero - 1,250 sq km; Ozero Beloye - 1,120 sq km
Geography: Major lakes (area sq km): salt water lake(s)
Caspian Sea (shared with Iran, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and Kazakhstan) - 374,000 sq km; Ozero Malyye Chany - 2,500 sq km; Curonian Lagoon (shared with Lithuania) - 1,620 sq km note - the Caspian Sea is the World's largest lake
Geography: Major rivers (by length in km)
Yenisey-Angara - 5,539 km; Ob-Irtysh - 5,410 km; Amur river mouth (shared with China [s] and Mongolia) - 4,444 km; Lena - 4,400 km; Volga - 3,645 km; Kolyma - 2,513 km; Ural river source (shared with Kazakhstan [m]) - 2,428 km; Dnepr (Dnieper) river source (shared with Belarus and Ukraine [m]) - 2,287 km; Don - 1,870 km; Pechora - 1,809 km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Geography: Major watersheds (area sq km): Arctic Ocean drainage
Kolyma (679,934 sq km), Lena (2,306,743 sq km), Ob (2,972,493 sq km), Pechora (289,532 sq km), Yenisei (2,554,388 sq km)
Geography: Major watersheds (area sq km): Atlantic Ocean drainage
(Black Sea) Don (458,694 sq km), Dnieper (533,966 sq km)
Geography: Major watersheds (area sq km): Internal (endorheic basin) drainage
(Caspian Sea basin) Volga (1,410,951 sq km)
Geography: Major watersheds (area sq km): Pacific Ocean drainage
Amur (1,929,955 sq km)
Geography: Map references
Asia
Geography: Maritime claims: contiguous zone
24 nm
Geography: Maritime claims: continental shelf
200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Geography: Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone
200 nm
Geography: Maritime claims: territorial sea
12 nm
Geography: Natural hazards
permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment to development; volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands; volcanoes and earthquakes on the Kamchatka Peninsula; spring floods and summer/autumn forest fires in Siberia and parts of European Russia volcanism: Kamchatka Peninsula is home to 29 historically active volcanoes, with dozens more in the Kuril Islands; Kliuchevskoi (4,835 m) is Kamchatka's most active volcano; Avachinsky and Koryaksky volcanoes, which pose a threat to the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, have been deemed Decade Volcanoes by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to their explosive history and close proximity to human populations; other notable historically active volcanoes include Bezymianny, Chikurachki, Ebeko, Gorely, Grozny, Karymsky, Ketoi, Kronotsky, Ksudach, Medvezhia, Mutnovsky, Sarychev Peak, Shiveluch, Tiatia, Tolbachik, and Zheltovsky; see note 2 under "Geography - note"
Geography: Population distribution
population is heavily concentrated in the westernmost fifth of the country, extending from the Baltic Sea south to the Caspian Sea, and eastward parallel to the Kazakh border; elsewhere, sizeable population pockets are isolated and generally found in the south
Geography: Terrain
broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundra in Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern border regions
Government: Administrative divisions
46 provinces ( oblasti , singular - oblast ), 21 republics ( respubliki , singular - respublika ), 4 autonomous districts ( avtonomnyye okrugi , singular - avtonomnyy okrug ), 9 federal subjects ( kraya , singular - kray ), 2 federal cities ( goroda , singular - gorod ), and 1 autonomous province ( avtonomnaya oblast' ) oblasts: Amur (Blagoveshchensk), Arkhangelsk, Astrakhan, Belgorod, Bryansk, Chelyabinsk, Irkutsk, Ivanovo, Kaliningrad, Kaluga, Kemerovo, Kirov, Kostroma, Kurgan, Kursk, Leningrad (Gatchina), Lipetsk, Magadan, Moscow, Murmansk, Nizhniy Novgorod, Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Orenburg, Orel, Penza, Pskov, Rostov, Ryazan, Sakhalin (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk), Samara, Saratov, Smolensk, Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg), Tambov, Tomsk, Tula, Tver, Tyumen, Ulyanovsk, Vladimir, Volgograd, Vologda, Voronezh, Yaroslavl republics: Adygeya (Maykop), Altay (Gorno-Altaysk), Bashkortostan (Ufa), Buryatiya (Ulan-Ude), Chechnya (Groznyy), Chuvashiya (Cheboksary), Dagestan (Makhachkala), Ingushetiya (Magas), Kabardino-Balkariya (Nal'chik), Kalmykiya (Elista), Karachayevo-Cherkesiya (Cherkessk), Kareliya (Petrozavodsk), Khakasiya (Abakan), Komi (Syktyvkar), Mariy-El (Yoshkar-Ola), Mordoviya (Saransk), North Ossetia (Vladikavkaz), Sakha [Yakutiya] (Yakutsk), Tatarstan (Kazan), Tyva (Kyzyl), Udmurtiya (Izhevsk) autonomous districts: Chukotka (Anadyr'), Khanty-Mansi-Yugra (Khanty-Mansiysk), Nenets (Nar'yan-Mar), Yamalo-Nenets (Salekhard) federal subjects: Altay (Barnaul), Kamchatka (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy), Khabarovsk, Krasnodar, Krasnoyarsk, Perm, Primorskiy [Maritime] (Vladivostok), Stavropol, Zabaykalsk [Transbaikal] (Chita) federal cities: Moscow [Moskva], Saint Petersburg [Sankt-Peterburg] autonomous province: Yevreyskaya [Jewish] (Birobidzhan)
Government: Capital: daylight saving time
does not observe daylight savings time (DST)
Government: Capital: etymology
named after the Moskva River; the origin of the river's name is unclear
Government: Capital: geographic coordinates
55 45 N, 37 36 E
Government: Capital: time difference
UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Government: Capital: time zone note
Russia has 11 time zones, the largest number of contiguous time zones of any country in the world; in 2014, two time zones were added and DST dropped
Government: Citizenship: citizenship by birth
no
Government: Citizenship: citizenship by descent only
at least one parent must be a citizen of Russia
Government: Citizenship: dual citizenship recognized
yes
Government: Citizenship: residency requirement for naturalization
3-5 years
Government: Constitution: amendment process
proposed by the president of the Russian Federation, by either house of the Federal Assembly, by the government of the Russian Federation, or by legislative (representative) bodies of the Federation's constituent entities; proposals to amend the government’s constitutional system, human and civil rights and freedoms, and procedures for amending or drafting a new constitution require formation of a Constitutional Assembly; passage of such amendments requires two-thirds majority vote of its total membership; passage in a referendum requires participation of an absolute majority of eligible voters and an absolute majority of valid votes; approval of proposed amendments to the government structure, authorities, and procedures requires approval by the legislative bodies of at least two thirds of the Russian Federation's constituent entities
Government: Constitution: history
several previous (during Russian Empire and Soviet era); latest drafted 12 July 1993, adopted by referendum 12 December 1993, effective 25 December 1993
Government: Country name: conventional short form
Russia
Government: Country name: etymology
Russian lands were referred to as Muscovy until PETER I declared the Empire of All Russias in 1721; the new name aimed at identifying the new Russia with European political tradition; "Rus" was the Old Finnish name given to Varangians (eastern Vikings) who entered the area in the 9th century
Government: Country name: former
Russian Empire, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
Government: Country name: local long form
Rossiyskaya Federatsiya
Government: Country name: local short form
Rossiya
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission
Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires J. Douglas DYKHOUSE (since June 2025)
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: consulate(s) general
Vladivostok (suspended status), Yekaterinburg (suspended status)
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: email address and website
MoscowACS@state.gov https://ru.usembassy.gov/
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: embassy
55,75566° N, 37,58028° E
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: FAX
[7] (495) 728-5090
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: mailing address
5430 Moscow Place, Washington DC 20521-5430
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: telephone
[7] (495) 728-5000
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: chancery
2650 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission
Ambassador Alexander Nikitich DARCHIEV (since 11 June 2025)
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: consulate(s) general
Houston, New York
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: email address and website
rusembusa@mid.ru https://washington.mid.ru/en/
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: FAX
[1] (202) 298-5735
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: telephone
[1] (202) 298-5700
Government: Executive branch: cabinet
the government is composed of the premier, his deputies, and ministers, all appointed by the president; the premier is also confirmed by the Duma
Government: Executive branch: chief of state
President Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN (since 7 May 2012)
Government: Executive branch: election results
2024 : Vladimir PUTIN reelected president; percent of vote - Vladimir PUTIN (independent) 88.5%, Nikolay KHARITONOV (Communist Party) 4.4%, Vladislav DAVANKOV (New People party) 3.9%, Leonid SLUTSKY (Liberal Democrats) 3.2% 2018: V ladimir PUTIN reelected president; percent of vote - Vladimir PUTIN (independent) 77.5%, Pavel GRUDININ (CPRF) 11.9%, Vladimir ZHIRINOVSKIY (LDPR) 5.7%, other 4.9%; Mikhail MISHUSTIN (independent) approved as premier by Duma; vote - 383 to 0
Government: Executive branch: election/appointment process
president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 6-year term (eligible for a second consecutive term)
Government: Executive branch: expected date of next election
2030
Government: Executive branch: head of government
Premier Mikhail Vladimirovich MISHUSTIN (since 16 January 2020)
Government: Executive branch: most recent election date
15-17 March 2024
Government: Flag
description: three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red meaning: colors may have been based on the Dutch flag, but no official meaning is assigned history: created when Russia built its first naval vessels, and was used mostly as a naval flag until the 19th century
Government: International law organization participation
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
Government: International organization participation
APEC, Arctic Council, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS, BRICS, BSEC, CBSS, CD, CE, CERN (observer), CICA, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAEU, EAPC, EAS, EBRD, FAO, FATF, G-20, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNOOSA, UN Security Council (permanent), UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Government: Judicial branch: highest court(s)
Supreme Court of the Russian Federation (consists of 170 members organized into the Judicial Panel for Civil Affairs, the Judicial Panel for Criminal Affairs, and the Military Panel); Constitutional Court (consists of 11 members, including the chairperson and deputy)
Government: Judicial branch: judge selection and term of office
all members of Russia's 3 highest courts nominated by the president and appointed by the Federation Council (the upper house of the legislature); members of all 3 courts appointed for life
Government: Judicial branch: subordinate courts
regional (kray) and provincial (oblast) courts; Moscow and St. Petersburg city courts; autonomous province and district courts (the 21 Russian republics have court systems specified by their own constitutions)
Government: Legal system
civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: chamber name
State Duma (Gossoudarstvennaya Duma)
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: electoral system
mixed system
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: expected date of next election
September 2026
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: most recent election date
9/19/2021
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: number of seats
450 (all directly elected)
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: parties elected and seats per party
United Russia (326); Communist Party (KPRF) (57); A Just Russia (28); Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR) (23); Other (16)
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: percentage of women in chamber
16.4%
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: scope of elections
full renewal
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: term in office
5 years
Government: Legislative branch - upper chamber: chamber name
Council of the Federation (Soviet Federatsii)
Government: Legislative branch - upper chamber: number of seats
170 (all appointed)
Government: Legislative branch - upper chamber: percentage of women in chamber
18.5%
Government: Legislative branch: legislative structure
bicameral
Government: Legislative branch: legislature name
Federal Assembly (Federalnoye Sobraniye)
Government: National anthem(s): history
adopted 2000; Russia adopted the tune of the Soviet Union's anthem (composed in 1939), as well as new lyrics; MIKHALKOV, who wrote the new lyrics, also authored the Soviet lyrics in 1943
Government: National anthem(s): lyrics/music
Sergey Vladimirovich MIKHALKOV/Aleksandr Vasilyevich ALEKSANDROV
Government: National coat of arms
the current coat of arms of Russia was adopted by presidential decree on 30 November 1993; the double-headed eagle was adopted as a Russian symbol in 1472 when Ivan III married Sophia Palaiologina, niece of the last Byzantine emperor in Constantinople -- the eagle was her family's emblem
Government: National color(s)
white, blue, red
Government: National heritage: selected World Heritage Site locales
Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments (c); Kizhi Pogost (c); Kremlin and Red Square, Moscow (c); Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings (c); White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal (c); Architectural Ensemble of the Trinity Sergius Lavra in Sergiev Posad (c); Church of the Ascension, Kolomenskoye (c); Lake Baikal (n); Volcanoes of Kamchatka (n); Ensemble of the Ferapontov Monastery (c); Historic and Architectural Complex of the Kazan Kremlin (c); Citadel, Ancient City and Fortress Buildings of Derbent (c); Uvs Nuur Basin (n); Ensemble of the Novodevichy Convent (c); Natural System of Wrangel Island Reserve (n); Historical Centre of the City of Yaroslavl (c); Lena Pillars Nature Park (n); Bolgar Historical and Archaeological Complex (c); Assumption Cathedral and Monastery of the town-island of Sviyazhsk (c); Churches of the Pskov School of Architecture (c); Petroglyphs of Lake Onega and the White Sea (c); Rock Paintings of Shulgan-Tash Cave (c)
Government: National heritage: total World Heritage Sites
33 (22 cultural, 11 natural)
Government: National holiday
Russia Day, 12 June (1990)
Government: National symbol(s)
bear, double-headed eagle
Government: Political parties
A Just Russia for Truth or SRZP Civic Platform or CP Communists of Russia or CPCR Communist Party of the Russian Federation or CPRF Cossack Party of the Russian Federation or CosPRF Democratic Party of Russia or DPR Green Alternative or GA Liberal Democratic Party of Russia or LDPR New People or NP Party for Fairness! or PARZAS! Party of Direct Democracy or PDD Party of Progress or PP Party of Pensioners or RPPSJ Party of Russia's Rebirth or PRR Party of Social Protection or PSP Rodina Russian Ecological Party or The Greens Russian Party of Freedom and Justice or RPFJ Russia United Democratic Party or Yabloko United Russia or UR
Government: Suffrage
18 years of age; universal
Introduction: Background
Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy emerged from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and gradually conquered and absorbed surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Devastating defeats and food shortages in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow of the ROMANOV Dynasty in 1917. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist control and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal US adversary during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin's rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism. His initiatives inadvertently released political and economic forces that by December 1991 led to the dissolution of the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent states. In response to the ensuing turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. In 2014, Russia purported to annex Ukraine's Crimean Peninsula and occupied large portions of two eastern Ukrainian oblasts. In sporadic fighting over the next eight years, more than 14,000 civilians were killed or wounded as a result of the Russian invasion in eastern Ukraine. On 24 February 2022, Russia escalated its conflict with Ukraine by invading the country on several fronts in what has become the largest conventional military attack on a sovereign state in Europe since World War II. The invasion received near-universal international condemnation, and many countries imposed sanctions on Russia and supplied humanitarian and military aid to Ukraine. In September 2022, Russia unilaterally declared its annexation of four Ukrainian oblasts -- Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk, and Zaporizhzhia -- even though none were fully under Russian control. The annexations remain unrecognized by the international community.
Military and Security: Military - note
the Russian military is responsible for protecting the country's sovereignty and territorial integrity, providing maritime security, and supporting Moscow's national security objectives, including projecting influence and power abroad and deterring perceived external threats; its missions include air, land, maritime, strategic missile, and expeditionary operations; it is also active in the areas of cyber warfare, electronic warfare, and space; the Russian military's focus is its ongoing war on Ukraine and the perceived threat from NATO and the US in February 2022, Russia launched a full-scale military invasion of Ukraine, beginning what is the largest war in Europe since World War II ended in 1945; Russian military forces occupied Ukraine’s province of Crimea in 2014, and Moscow subsequently backed separatist forces in the Donbas region of Ukraine with arms, equipment, and training, as well as Russian military troops, although Moscow denied their presence prior to 2022 Russia intervened in the Syrian civil war at the request of the Syrian Government from September 2015 until the collapse of the ASAD regime in December 2024; it was Moscow’s first overseas military expeditionary operation since the Soviet era; Russian assistance included air support, arms and equipment, intelligence, military advisors, private military contractors, special operations forces, and training; Russia seized the Georgian regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia by force in 2008 (2025)
Military and Security: Military and security forces
Armed Forces of the Russian Federation: Ground Forces (SV), Aerospace Forces (VKS), Navy (VMF); separate or independent troop branches include the Airborne Forces (VDV), Missile Troops of Strategic Purpose (RVSN; commonly to as Strategic Rocket Forces), Special Operations Forces, and Unmanned Systems Forces Federal National Guard Troops Service of the Russian Federation (FSVNG, National Guard, Russian Guard, or Rosgvardiya) Federal Security Services (FSB): Federal Border Guard Service (includes land and maritime forces) (2025)
Military and Security: Military and security service personnel strengths
estimated 1.1-1.2 million active Armed Forces; estimated 350,000 Federal National Guard Troops (2025)
Military and Security: Military deployments
estimated 600,000 in Ukraine; more than 20,000 additional military personnel deployed in former Soviet states and elsewhere, including Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Libya, Moldova, Syria, sub-Saharan Africa, and Tajikistan (2025)
Military and Security: Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the Russian Federation's military and paramilitary services are equipped with domestically produced weapons systems, although in recent years Russia has imported military hardware from external suppliers such as Iran and North Korea to support its war on Ukraine; the Russian defense industry is capable of producing a full range of advanced air, land, missile, and naval systems; Russia is one of the world's largest exporters of military hardware (2025)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2015
4.87% (2015 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2016
5.43% (2016 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2017
4.25% (2017 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2018
3.72% (2018 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2019
3.86% (2019 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2020
4.14% (2020 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2021
3.58% (2021 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2022
4.61% (2022 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2023
5.40% (2023 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2024
7.05% (2024 est.)
Military and Security: Military service age and obligation
18-30 years of age for compulsory service for men; 18-65 years of age for voluntary/contractual service; women and non-Russian citizens (18-30) may volunteer; minimum 12-month service obligation (2025)
People and Society: Age structure: 0-14 years
16.5% (male 11,956,284/female 11,313,829)
People and Society: Age structure: 15-64 years
65.7% (male 45,007,073/female 47,518,221)
People and Society: Age structure: 65 years and over
17.8% (2024 est.) (male 8,533,448/female 16,491,955)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: beer
3.04 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: other alcohols
0.12 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: spirits
3.16 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: total
7.29 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: wine
0.97 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Birth rate
8.27 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
People and Society: Child marriage: women married by age 15
0.3% (2017)
People and Society: Child marriage: women married by age 18
6.2% (2017)
People and Society: Current health expenditure
7.04% (2023 est.)
People and Society: Currently married women (ages 15-49)
57.6% (2021 est.)
People and Society: Death rate
13.93 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: elderly dependency ratio
27.9 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: potential support ratio
3.6 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio
52.6 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: youth dependency ratio
24.7 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: improved: rural
rural: 91.5% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: improved: total
total: 97.1% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: improved: urban
urban: 98.9% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: unimproved: rural
rural: 8.5% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: unimproved: total
total: 2.9% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: unimproved: urban
urban: 1.1% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Education expenditure: Education expenditure (% GDP)
4.2% of GDP (2023 est.)
People and Society: Education expenditure: Education expenditure (% national budget)
14.3% national budget (2018 est.)
People and Society: Education expenditures
4.16% (2023 est.)
People and Society: Ethnic groups
Russian 77.7%, Tatar 3.7%, Ukrainian 1.4%, Bashkir 1.1%, Chuvash 1%, Chechen 1%, other 10.2%, unspecified 3.9% (2010 est.)
People and Society: Gross reproduction rate
0.74 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Health expenditure: Health expenditure (as % of GDP)
7.4% of GDP (2021)
People and Society: Health expenditure: Health expenditure (as % of national budget)
13.8% of national budget (2022 est.)
People and Society: Hospital bed density
6.8 beds/1,000 population (2023 est.)
People and Society: Infant mortality rate: female
5.8 deaths/1,000 live births
People and Society: Infant mortality rate: male
7.2 deaths/1,000 live births
People and Society: Infant mortality rate: total
6.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
People and Society: Languages: Languages
Russian (official) 85.7%, Tatar 3.2%, Chechen 1%, other 10.1% (2010 est.)
People and Society: Languages: major-language sample(s)
Книга фактов о мире – незаменимый источник базовой информации. (Russian) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
People and Society: Life expectancy at birth: female
78.9 years (2024 est.)
People and Society: Life expectancy at birth: male
68.3 years (2024 est.)
People and Society: Literacy: female
99.9% (2021 est.)
People and Society: Literacy: male
99.9% (2021 est.)
People and Society: Literacy: total population
99.93% (2021 est.)
People and Society: Major urban areas - population
12.680 million MOSCOW (capital), 5.561 million Saint Petersburg, 1.695 million Novosibirsk, 1.528 million Yekaterinburg, 1.292 million Kazan, 1.251 million Nizhniy Novgorod (2023)
People and Society: Maternal mortality ratio
9 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
People and Society: Median age: female
44.5 years
People and Society: Median age: male
39.4 years
People and Society: Mother's mean age at first birth
25.2 years (2013 est.)
People and Society: Nationality: adjective
Russian
People and Society: Net migration rate
0.76 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
People and Society: Obesity - adult prevalence rate
23.1% (2016)
People and Society: Physician density
5.11 physicians/1,000 population (2022)
People and Society: Population
143,533,851 (2024 est.)
People and Society: Population distribution
population is heavily concentrated in the westernmost fifth of the country, extending from the Baltic Sea south to the Caspian Sea, and eastward parallel to the Kazakh border; elsewhere, sizeable population pockets are isolated and generally found in the south
People and Society: Population growth rate
-0.49% (2025 est.)
People and Society: Population: female
74,967,724
People and Society: Population: male
65,166,555
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: improved: rural
rural: 71.4% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: improved: total
total: 89.4% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: improved: urban
urban: 95.4% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: unimproved: rural
rural: 28.6% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: unimproved: total
total: 10.6% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: unimproved: urban
urban: 4.6% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): female
15 years (2023 est.)
People and Society: School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): male
15 years (2023 est.)
People and Society: School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total
15 years (2023 est.)
People and Society: Sex ratio: 0-14 years
1.06 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: 15-64 years
0.95 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: 65 years and over
0.52 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: at birth
1.06 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: total population
0.87 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
People and Society: Tobacco use: female
15.1% (2025 est.)
People and Society: Tobacco use: male
40.2% (2025 est.)
People and Society: Tobacco use: total
26.5% (2025 est.)
People and Society: Total fertility rate
1.42 children born/woman (2024 est.)
People and Society: Urbanization: rate of urbanization
0.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
People and Society: Urbanization: urban population
75.11% (2024 est.)
Space: Key space-program milestones
1957 - placed world’s first satellite (Sputnik-1) in orbit 1961-1964 - launched first man, first woman, and first multi-member crew into space 1965 - launched first probe to successfully land on the Moon 1967 - initial launch of Soviet-made Soyuz series space launch vehicle (SLV) 1971 - placed first space station (Salyut) in orbit and successfully landed a probe on Venus 1975 - joint Soviet (Soyuz)-US (Apollo) space mission 1986 - began operation of Mir space station (in orbit until 2001) 1995 - Global Navigation Satellite System (GLObalnaya NAvigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema or GLONASS) constellation completed 2014 - initial launch of Angara SLV series 2021 - announced agreements with China to send a robotic probe to an asteroid and jointly establish a station on the Moon 2023 - launch first of a planned series of Moon landers (Luna-25; crashed on Moon's surface); announced intent to place first module of a new space station in orbit by 2027
Space: Space agency/agencies
State Space Corporation of the Russian Federation (Roscosmos; established 2015); Russian Space Forces (Kosmicheskie voyska Rossii, KV; under the Russian Aerospace Forces) (2025)
Space: Space launch site(s)
Baikonur Cosmodrome (Kazakhstan); Vostochny Cosmodrome (Amur Oblast); Plesetsk Cosmodrome (Arkhangel'sk Oblast) (2025)
Space: Space program overview
has one of the world’s largest space programs and is active across all areas of the space sector; builds, launches, and operates satellite/space launch vehicles, satellites, space stations, interplanetary probes, and manned, robotic, and re-usable spacecraft; has astronaut (cosmonaut) training program and conducts human space flight; researching and developing a broad range of other space-related technologies; participates in international space programs such as the International Space Station; has had relations with dozens of foreign space agencies and commercial entities, including those of China, the ESA, India, Japan, and the US; Roscosmos and its public subsidiaries comprise the majority of the Russian space industry; Roscosmos has eight operating areas, including manned space flights, launch systems, unmanned spacecraft, rocket propulsion, military missiles, space avionics, special military space systems, and flight control systems; private companies are also involved in a range of space systems (2025)
Terrorism: Terrorist group(s)
Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)
Transnational Issues: Refugees and internally displaced persons: IDPs
172,783 (2024 est.)
Transnational Issues: Refugees and internally displaced persons: refugees
11,440 (2024 est.)
Transnational Issues: Refugees and internally displaced persons: stateless persons
90,185 (2024 est.)
Transnational Issues: Trafficking in persons: tier rating
Tier 3 — Russia does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so, therefore, Russia remained on Tier 3; for more details, go to: https://www.state.gov/reports/2025-trafficking-in-persons-report/russia/
Transportation: Airports
905 (2025)
Transportation: Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
RA
Transportation: Heliports
494 (2025)
Transportation: Merchant marine: by type
bulk carrier 15, container ship 20, general cargo 976, oil tanker 387, other 1,512
Transportation: Merchant marine: total
2,910 (2023)
Transportation: Ports: key ports
Arkhangels'k, De Kastri, Dudinka, Kaliningrad, Murmansk, Novorossiysk, Sankt-Peterburg, Vladivostok, Vyborg
Transportation: Ports: large
4
Transportation: Ports: medium
5
Transportation: Ports: ports with oil terminals
32
Transportation: Ports: size unknown
1
Transportation: Ports: small
19
Transportation: Ports: total ports
67 (2024)
Transportation: Ports: very small
38
Transportation: Railways: narrow gauge
957 km
Transportation: Railways: total
85,494 km (2019)
Warning: Some information might be outdated or incorrect, please check statistics before using(most of the economical stats are correct, its mostly the Population stats that are incorrect). Some dates are listed but some are missed, if you have any issues please report it to the Github at github.com.