Communications: Broadband - fixed subscriptions: subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
35.80 (2024, World Bank)
Communications: Broadband - fixed subscriptions: total
6.63 million (2023 est.)
Communications: Broadcast media
a mixture of public and private TV stations; 7 public (2 national, 5 regional) and 187 private TV stations using terrestrial broadcasting, plus 11 public and 86 private TV stations using satellite broadcasting; state-owned public radio broadcaster operates 4 national networks, as well as regional and local stations; 502 private radio stations using terrestrial broadcasting, and 26 using satellite broadcasting
Communications: Internet country code
.ro
Communications: Internet users: percent of population
91.3% (2024, World Bank)
Communications: Telephones - fixed lines: subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
9.06 (2024, World Bank)
Communications: Telephones - fixed lines: total subscriptions
1.96 million (2023 est.)
Communications: Telephones - mobile cellular: subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
119.80 (2024, World Bank)
Communications: Telephones - mobile cellular: total subscriptions
23.2 million (2022 est.)
Economy: Agricultural products
wheat, maize, milk, sunflower seeds, barley, rapeseed, potatoes, grapes, plums, apples (2023)
Economy: Average household expenditures: on alcohol and tobacco
6.1% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Economy: Average household expenditures: on food
25.1% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Economy: Budget: expenditures
$112.799 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Budget: revenues
$93.691 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2022
-$27.326 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2023
-$24.461 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2024
$-33.879 billion (2025, World Bank)
Economy: Exchange rates: Currency
lei (RON) per US dollar -
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2020
4.244 (2020 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2021
4.16 (2021 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2022
4.688 (2022 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2023
4.574 (2023 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2024
4.598 (2024 est.)
Economy: Exports - commodities
cars, vehicle parts/accessories, insulated wire, garments, wheat (2023)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2022
$129.286 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2023
$136.488 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2024
$152.113 billion (2025, World Bank)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: exports of goods and services
35.5% (2025, World Bank)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: government consumption
17.3% (2025, World Bank)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption
62.0% (2025, World Bank)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: imports of goods and services
40.7% (2025, World Bank)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: investment in fixed capital
25.6% (2025, World Bank)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: investment in inventories
-1.4% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture
3.0% (2025, World Bank)
Economy: GDP - composition, by sector of origin: industry
25.3% (2025, World Bank)
Economy: GDP - composition, by sector of origin: services
61.7% (2025, World Bank)
Economy: GDP - per capita (PPP)
$50,895 (2025, World Bank)
Economy: GDP (official exchange rate)
$428.678 billion (2025, World Bank)
Economy: GDP (purchasing power parity) - real
$776.902 billion (2025, World Bank)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022
32.3 (2022 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2024
29.80 (2023, World Bank)
Economy: Household income or consumption by percentage share: highest 10%
21.8% (2023, World Bank)
Economy: Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%
2.4% (2023, World Bank)
Economy: Imports - commodities
vehicle parts/accessories, packaged medicine, cars, crude petroleum, plastic products (2023)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2022
$149.209 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2023
$153.427 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2024
$174.603 billion (2025, World Bank)
Economy: Industrial production growth rate
-0.9% (2024 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022
13.8% (2022 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023
10.4% (2023 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024
7.2% (2025, World Bank)
Economy: Labor force
8,244,587 (2025, World Bank)
Economy: Population below poverty line
19.0% (2023, World Bank)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2022
50.9% of GDP (2022 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022
$750.091 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023
$768.126 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024
$776.902 billion (2025, World Bank)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2022
4% (2022 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2023
2.4% (2023 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2024
0.7% (2025, World Bank)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2022
$39,400 (2022 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2023
$40,300 (2023 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2022
3% of GDP (2022 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2023
2.8% of GDP (2023 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2024
2.5% of GDP (2025, World Bank)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022
$55.81 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023
$73 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024
$90.648 billion (2025, World Bank)
Economy: Taxes and other revenues
30.7% of GDP (2024, World Bank)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2022
5.7% (2022 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2023
5.6% (2023 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2024
6.0% (2025, World Bank)
Economy: Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): female
24.7% (2025, World Bank)
Economy: Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): male
24.4% (2025, World Bank)
Economy: Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): total
24.5% (2025, World Bank)
Energy: Coal: consumption
15.533 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: exports
290,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: imports
736,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: production
14.752 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: proven reserves
291 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity access: electrification - rural areas
100.0% (2024, World Bank)
Energy: Electricity access: electrification - total population
100.0% (2024, World Bank)
Energy: Electricity access: electrification - urban areas
100.0% (2024, World Bank)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: biomass and waste
0.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: fossil fuels
32.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: hydroelectricity
32.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: nuclear
18% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: solar
3.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: wind
13% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: consumption
48.73 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: exports
13.106 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: imports
10.088 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: installed generating capacity
19.748 million kW (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: transmission/distribution losses
5.817 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Energy consumption per capita: Total energy consumption per capita 2023
59.377 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: consumption
9.395 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: exports
2.231 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: imports
2.793 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: production
9.632 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: proven reserves
105.48 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Energy: Nuclear energy: Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors
1.3GW (2025 est.)
Energy: Nuclear energy: Number of operational nuclear reactors
2 (2025)
Energy: Nuclear energy: Percent of total electricity production
18.9% (2023 est.)
Energy: Petroleum: crude oil estimated reserves
600 million barrels (2021 est.)
Energy: Petroleum: refined petroleum consumption
220,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Energy: Petroleum: total petroleum production
67,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: from coal and metallurgical coke
13.07 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: from consumed natural gas
17.444 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: from petroleum and other liquids
30.902 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: total emissions
61.416 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Climate
temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms
Environment: Environmental issues
soil erosion, degradation, and desertification; water pollution; air pollution in south from industrial effluents; contamination of Danube delta wetlands
Environment: Geoparks: global geoparks and regional networks
Buzău; Haţeg (2023)
Environment: Geoparks: total global geoparks and regional networks
2
Environment: International environmental agreements: party to
Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
Environment: International environmental agreements: signed, but not ratified
none of the selected agreements
Environment: Land use: agricultural land
55.3% (2023, World Bank)
Environment: Land use: agricultural land: arable land
36.5% (2023, World Bank)
Environment: Land use: agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 1.8% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 17% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: forest
30.1% (2023, World Bank)
Environment: Land use: other
14.5% (2023 est.)
Environment: Methane emissions: agriculture
355.4 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Environment: Methane emissions: energy
325.6 kt (2022-2024 est.)
Environment: Methane emissions: other
11.8 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Environment: Methane emissions: waste
247.7 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Environment: Particulate matter emissions
14.6 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Environment: Total renewable water resources
212.01 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Environment: Total water withdrawal: agricultural
2.955 billion cubic meters (2022)
Environment: Total water withdrawal: industrial
3.94 billion cubic meters (2022)
Environment: Total water withdrawal: municipal
1.256 billion cubic meters (2022)
Environment: Urbanization: rate of urbanization
-0.15% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Environment: Urbanization: urban population
52.2% (2025, World Bank)
Environment: Waste and recycling: municipal solid waste generated annually
5.42 million tons (2024 est.)
Environment: Waste and recycling: percent of municipal solid waste recycled
13% (2022 est.)
Geography: Area - comparative
twice the size of Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than Oregon
Geography: Area: land
229,891 sq km
Geography: Area: water
8,500 sq km
Geography: Coastline
225 km
Geography: Elevation: highest point
Moldoveanu 2,544 m
Geography: Elevation: lowest point
Black Sea 0 m
Geography: Elevation: mean elevation
414 m
Geography: Geographic coordinates
46 00 N, 25 00 E
Geography: Geography - note
controls the most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, Moldova, and Ukraine; the Carpathian Mountains dominate the center of the country, and the Danube River forms much of the southern boundary with Serbia and Bulgaria
Geography: Irrigated land
5,280 sq km (2022)
Geography: Land boundaries: border countries
Bulgaria 605 km; Hungary 424 km; Moldova 683 km; Serbia 531 km; Ukraine 601 km
Geography: Land boundaries: total
2,844 km
Geography: Land use: agricultural land
55.3% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 36.5% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 1.8% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 17% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: forest
30.2% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: other
14.5% (2023 est.)
Geography: Major rivers (by length in km)
Dunărea (Danube) river mouth (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Moldova, and Ukraine) - 2,888 km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Geography: Major watersheds (area sq km): Atlantic Ocean drainage
(Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)
Geography: Map references
Europe
Geography: Maritime claims: contiguous zone
24 nm
Geography: Maritime claims: continental shelf
200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Geography: Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone
200 nm
Geography: Maritime claims: territorial sea
12 nm
Geography: Natural hazards
earthquakes, most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides
Geography: Population distribution
urbanization is not particularly high, and the population distribution is fairly even throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations
Geography: Terrain
central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the Moldavian Plateau on the east by the Eastern Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps
Government: Administrative divisions
41 counties ( judete , singular - judet ) and 1 municipality* ( municipiu ); Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti (Bucharest)*, Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna, Dambovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi, Ilfov, Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Valcea, Vrancea
Government: Capital: daylight saving time
+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Government: Capital: etymology
the name is said to come from a shepherd named Bucur who is reputed to have founded the town in 1457, but a settlement probably already existed on the site; the name may come from the personal name of an early landowner
Government: Capital: geographic coordinates
44 26 N, 26 06 E
Government: Capital: time difference
UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Government: Citizenship: citizenship by birth
no
Government: Citizenship: citizenship by descent only
at least one parent must be a citizen of Romania
Government: Citizenship: dual citizenship recognized
yes
Government: Citizenship: residency requirement for naturalization
5 years
Government: Constitution: amendment process
initiated by the president of Romania through a proposal by the government, by at least one fourth of deputies or senators in Parliament, or by petition of eligible voters representing at least half of Romania’s counties; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by both chambers or – if mediation is required - by three-fourths majority vote in a joint session, followed by approval in a referendum; articles, including those on national sovereignty, form of government, political pluralism, and fundamental rights and freedoms cannot be amended
Government: Constitution: history
several previous; latest adopted 21 November 1991, approved by referendum and effective 8 December 1991
Government: Country name: conventional short form
Romania
Government: Country name: etymology
the name derives from the Latin Romani , meaning "people from Rome;" the area was an outpost of the Roman Empire in the 2nd century A.D., and the current name was adopted when Moldavia and Wallachia merged in 1861
Government: Country name: former
Kingdom of Romania, Romanian People's Republic, Socialist Republic of Romania
Government: Country name: local long form
none
Government: Country name: local short form
Romania
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission
Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires Michael L. DICKERSON (since 20 May 2025)
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: email address and website
ACSBucharest@state.gov https://ro.usembassy.gov/
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: embassy
4-6, Dr. Liviu Librescu Blvd., District 1, Bucharest, 015118
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: FAX
[40] (21) 200-3442
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: mailing address
5260 Bucharest Place, Washington, DC 20521-5260
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: telephone
[40] (21) 200-3300
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: chancery
1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission
Ambassador Dan-Andrei MURARU (since 15 September 2021)
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: consulate(s) general
Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, New York
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: email address and website
washington@mae.ro https://washington.mae.ro/en
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: FAX
[1] (202) 232-4748
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: telephone
[1] (202) 332-4829
Government: Executive branch: cabinet
Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister
Government: Executive branch: chief of state
President Nicușor DAN (since 26 May 2025)
Government: Executive branch: election results
2025: Nicușor DAN elected president in runoff; percent of vote - Nicușor DAN (unaffiliated) 53.6%, George SIMION (AUR) 46.4% 2019: Klaus IOHANNIS reelected president in second round; percent of vote - Klaus IOHANNIS (PNL) 66.1%, Viorica DANCILA (PSD) 33.9%
Government: Executive branch: election/appointment process
president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister appointed by the president with consent of Parliament
Government: Executive branch: expected date of next election
2030
Government: Executive branch: head of government
Prime Minister Ilie BOLOJAN (since 23 June 2005)
Government: Executive branch: most recent election date
18 May 2025
Government: Flag
description: three equal vertical bands of blue (left side), yellow, and red meaning: the colors come from the principalities of Walachia (red and yellow) and Moldavia (red and blue), which united in 1862 to form Romania history: modeled on the French flag; the national coat of arms that used to be centered on the yellow band has been removed
Government: International law organization participation
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Government: International organization participation
Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MONUSCO, NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNOOSA,UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Government: Judicial branch: highest court(s)
High Court of Cassation and Justice (consists of 111 judges organized into civil, penal, commercial, contentious administrative and fiscal business, and joint sections); Supreme Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members)
Government: Judicial branch: judge selection and term of office
High Court of Cassation and Justice judges appointed by the president upon nomination by the Superior Council of Magistracy, a 19-member body of judges, prosecutors, and law specialists; judges appointed for 6-year renewable terms; Constitutional Court members - 6 elected by Parliament and 3 appointed by the president; members serve 9-year, nonrenewable terms
Government: Judicial branch: subordinate courts
Courts of Appeal; regional tribunals; first instance courts; military and arbitration courts
Government: Legal system
civil law system
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: chamber name
Chamber of Deputies (Camera Deputatilor)
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: electoral system
proportional representation
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: expected date of next election
November 2028
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: most recent election date
12/1/2024
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: number of seats
331 (all directly elected)
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: parties elected and seats per party
Social Democratic Party (PSD) (86); Alliance for the Union of Romanians (AUR) (63); National Liberal Party (PNL) (49); Save Romania Union (USR) (40); S.O.S. Romania (28); Party of Young People (POT) (24); Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR) (22)
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: percentage of women in chamber
22.4%
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: scope of elections
full renewal
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: term in office
4 years
Government: Legislative branch - upper chamber: chamber name
Senate (Senatul)
Government: Legislative branch - upper chamber: electoral system
proportional representation
Government: Legislative branch - upper chamber: expected date of next election
November 2028
Government: Legislative branch - upper chamber: most recent election date
12/1/2024
Government: Legislative branch - upper chamber: number of seats
136 (all directly elected)
Government: Legislative branch - upper chamber: parties elected and seats per party
Social Democratic Party (PSD) (36); Alliance for the Union of Romanians (AUR) (28); National Liberal Party (PNL) (22); Save Romania Union (USR) (19); S.O.S. Romania (12); Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR) (10); Party of Young People (POT) (7)
Government: Legislative branch - upper chamber: percentage of women in chamber
20.9%
Government: Legislative branch - upper chamber: scope of elections
full renewal
Government: Legislative branch - upper chamber: term in office
4 years
Government: Legislative branch: legislative structure
bicameral
Government: Legislative branch: legislature name
Parliament of Romania (Parlamentul României)
Government: National anthem(s): history
adopted 1990; the anthem was written during the 1848 Revolution
Government: National anthem(s): lyrics/music
Andrei MURESIANU/Anton PANN
Government: National color(s)
blue, yellow, red
Government: National heritage: selected World Heritage Site locales
Danube Delta (n); Churches of Moldavia (c); Monastery of Horezu (c); Villages with Fortified Churches in Transylvania (c); Dacian Fortresses of the Orastie Mountains (c); Historic Center of Sighişoara (c); Wooden Churches of Maramureş (c); Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe (n); Roșia Montană Mining Landscape (c); Brâncuși Monumental Ensemble of Târgu Jiu (c); Frontiers of the Roman Empire – Dacia (c)
Government: National heritage: total World Heritage Sites
11 (9 cultural, 2 natural)
Government: National holiday
Unification Day (unification of Romania and Transylvania), 1 December (1918)
Government: National symbol(s)
golden eagle
Government: Political parties
Alliance for the Fatherland or APP Alliance for the Unity of Romanians or AUR Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party or PNT-CD Civic Hungarian Party Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania or UDMR Ecologist Party of Romania or PER Force of the Right or FD Greater Romania Party or PRM Green Party National Liberal Party or PNL Popular Movement Party or PMP PRO Romania or PRO Romanian Nationhood Party or PNR Save Romania Union Party or USR Social Democratic Party or PSD Social Liberal Humanist Party or PUSL (formerly Humanist Power Party (Social-Liberal) or PPU-SL) S.O.S. Romania The Right Alternative or AD United Romania Party or PRU We are Renewing the European Project in Romania or REPER
Government: Suffrage
18 years of age; universal
Introduction: Background
The principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia -- for centuries under the control of the Turkish Ottoman Empire -- secured their autonomy through the Treaty of Paris in 1856. They were de facto linked in 1859 and formally united in 1862 under the new name of Romania. The country joined the Allied Powers in World War I and subsequently acquired new territories -- most notably Transylvania -- that more than doubled its size. In 1940, Romania allied with the Axis powers and participated in the 1941 German invasion of the USSR. Three years later, overrun by the Soviets, Romania signed an armistice. The post-war Soviet occupation led to the formation of a communist "people's republic" in 1947 and the abdication of the king. The decades-long rule of dictator Nicolae CEAUSESCU, who took power in 1965, and his Securitate police state became increasingly oppressive and draconian through the 1980s. CEAUSESCU was overthrown and executed in late 1989. Former communists dominated the government until 1996 when they were swept from power. Romania joined NATO in 2004, the EU in 2007, and the Schengen Area for air and sea travel in 2024.
Military and Security: Military - note
the Romanian Armed Forces are responsible for territorial defense, fulfilling the country's commitments to European security, and contributing to multinational peacekeeping operations; the military has a variety of concerns, including Russian aggression against Ukraine, Russia's activities in the Black Sea and in Moldova, cyber attacks, hybrid threats, and terrorism; a key focus for the military is equipment modernization Romania joined NATO in 2004, and its membership forms a key pillar of the country’s defense policy; it hosts a NATO multinational divisional headquarters (Multinational Division Southeast) and a French-led ground force battlegroup as part of NATO's Enhanced Forward Presence initiative in the southeastern part of the Alliance, which came about in response to Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine; NATO allies have also sent detachments of fighters to augment the Romanian Air Force since 2014 because of aggressive Russian activity in the Black Sea region; the Romanian military trains with NATO and its member states and has participated in NATO- and EU-led multinational missions in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and Poland; it also participates in UN peacekeeping missions (2025)
Military and Security: Military and security forces
Romanian Armed Forces (Forțele Armate Române or Armata Română): Romanian Land Forces, Romanian Naval Forces, Romanian Air Force Ministry of Internal Affairs: Romanian Police, Romanian Gendarmerie, Romanian Border Police (2025)
Military and Security: Military and security service personnel strengths
approximately 70,000 active Armed Forces (2025)
Military and Security: Military deployments
470 Bosnia Herzegovina (EUFOR); 200 Kosovo (KFOR/NATO); up to 120 Poland (NATO); Romania also has small numbers of military personnel deployed on other international missions under the EU, NATO, and UN (2025)
Military and Security: Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the military's inventory includes a considerable amount of Soviet-era and older domestically produced weapons systems, although in recent years Romania has launched an effort to acquire more modern and NATO-standard equipment from European countries and the US, including aircraft and armored vehicles (2025)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2021
1.9% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2022
1.8% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2023
1.6% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2024
2.2% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2025
2.3% of GDP (2024, World Bank)
Military and Security: Military service age and obligation
typically 18-35 years of age for voluntary service for men and women; compulsory service ended in 2007 (2025)
People and Society: Age structure: 0-14 years
15.6% (2025, World Bank)
People and Society: Age structure: 15-64 years
64.3% (2025, World Bank)
People and Society: Age structure: 65 years and over
20.1% (2025, World Bank)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: beer
5.33 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: other alcohols
0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: spirits
2.25 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: total
10.96 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: wine
3.38 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Birth rate
7.50 (2024, World Bank)
People and Society: Child marriage: women married by age 15
0.5% (2021)
People and Society: Child marriage: women married by age 18
6.9% (2021)
People and Society: Contraceptive prevalence rate
69.8% (2005, World Bank)
People and Society: Current health expenditure
5.7% of GDP (2023, World Bank)
People and Society: Currently married women (ages 15-49)
56% (2021 est.)
People and Society: Death rate
12.80 (2024, World Bank)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: elderly dependency ratio
36.4 (2024 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: potential support ratio
2.7 (2024 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio
61.3 (2024 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: youth dependency ratio
24.9 (2024 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: improved: rural
rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: improved: total
100.0% (2024, World Bank)
People and Society: Drinking water source: improved: urban
urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: unimproved: rural
rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: unimproved: total
total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: unimproved: urban
urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Education expenditure: Education expenditure (% GDP)
3.3% of GDP (2022 est.)
People and Society: Education expenditure: Education expenditure (% national budget)
8.8% national budget (2022 est.)
People and Society: Ethnic groups
Romanian 89.3%, Hungarian 6%, Romani 3.4%, Ukrainian 0.3%, German 0.1%, other 0.9% (2021 est.)
People and Society: Gross reproduction rate
0.79 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Health expenditure: Health expenditure (as % of GDP)
6.5% of GDP (2021)
People and Society: Health expenditure: Health expenditure (as % of national budget)
11.2% of national budget (2022 est.)
People and Society: Hospital bed density
7.23 (2022, World Bank)
People and Society: Infant mortality rate: female
5.50 (2024, World Bank)
People and Society: Infant mortality rate: male
6.50 (2024, World Bank)
People and Society: Infant mortality rate: total
6.00 (2024, World Bank)
People and Society: Languages: Languages
Romanian (official) 91.6%, Hungarian 6.3%, Romani 1.2%, other 0.7% (2021 est.)
People and Society: Languages: major-language sample(s)
Cartea informativa a lumii, sursa indispensabila pentru informatii de baza. (Romanian) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
People and Society: Life expectancy at birth: female
80.30 (2024, World Bank)
People and Society: Life expectancy at birth: male
72.80 (2024, World Bank)
People and Society: Literacy: female
99.3% (2021, World Bank)
People and Society: Literacy: male
99.0% (2021, World Bank)
People and Society: Literacy: total population
99.2% (2021, World Bank)
People and Society: Major urban areas - population
1.776 million BUCHAREST (capital) (2023)
People and Society: Maternal mortality ratio
12.00 (2023, World Bank)
People and Society: Median age: female
46.9 years
People and Society: Median age: male
44 years
People and Society: Mother's mean age at first birth
27.1 years (2020 est.)
People and Society: Nationality: adjective
Romanian
People and Society: Net migration rate
-2.81 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
People and Society: Obesity - adult prevalence rate
22.5% (2016)
People and Society: Physician density
3.62 (2022, World Bank)
People and Society: Population
19,020,271 (2025, World Bank)
People and Society: Population distribution
urbanization is not particularly high, and the population distribution is fairly even throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations
People and Society: Population growth rate
-0.2% (2025, World Bank)
People and Society: Population: female
9,808,459 (2025, World Bank)
People and Society: Population: male
9,211,812 (2025, World Bank)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: improved: rural
rural: 77.9% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: improved: total
90.5% (2024, World Bank)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: improved: urban
urban: 97.5% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: unimproved: rural
rural: 22.1% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: unimproved: total
total: 11.5% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: unimproved: urban
urban: 2.5% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): female
14 years (2023 est.)
People and Society: School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): male
13 years (2023 est.)
People and Society: School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total
14 years (2023 est.)
People and Society: Sex ratio: 0-14 years
1.06 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: 15-64 years
1 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: 65 years and over
0.7 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: at birth
1.06 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: total population
0.93 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
People and Society: Tobacco use: female
17.9% (2025 est.)
People and Society: Tobacco use: male
36.2% (2025 est.)
People and Society: Tobacco use: total
26.7% (2025 est.)
People and Society: Total fertility rate
1.39 (2024, World Bank)
People and Society: Urbanization: rate of urbanization
-0.2% (2025, World Bank)
People and Society: Urbanization: urban population
52.2% (2025, World Bank)
Space: Key space-program milestones
1967-1968 - began participating in Soviet Intercosmos program and established the Romanian Commission for Space Activities to coordinate national space activities 1981 - first Romanian in space on Soviet spacecraft 2010 - domestically developed commercial rocket launched to an altitude of 40,000 m (24.9 mi) 2012 - first domestically produced scientific/experimental microsatellite (Goliat) launched (failed to operate) 2022 - joined US-led Artemis Accords for space exploration 2023 - digital amateur-radio-repeater microsatellite (ROM-2) launched on US commercial rocket
Space: Space agency/agencies
Romanian Space Agency (Agentia Spatiala Romania, ROSA; established 1991) (2025)
Space: Space program overview
develops and produces a range of capabilities and technologies, including satellites, satellite launch vehicles, remote sensing, human space flight, navigation, and telecommunications; program is integrated into the ESA; participates in EU and international space programs; works with a variety of foreign space agencies and commercial space entities, including those of Azerbaijan, China, Japan, Russia, and the US; also works bilaterally with ESA member states, particularly Bulgaria, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy; has an active space-industry sector with over 50 entities (2025)
Terrorism: Terrorist group(s)
Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)
Transnational Issues: Refugees and internally displaced persons: refugees
206,671 (2025, UNHCR)
Transnational Issues: Refugees and internally displaced persons: stateless persons
257 (2025, UNHCR)
Transportation: Airports
103 (2025)
Transportation: Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
YR
Transportation: Heliports
24 (2025)
Transportation: Merchant marine: by type
general cargo 9, oil tanker 7, other 111
Transportation: Merchant marine: total
127 (2023)
Transportation: Ports: key ports
Basarabi, Braila, Cernavoda, Constanta, Danube-Black Sea Canal, Galati, Mangalia, Medgidia, Midia, Sulina, Tulcea
Transportation: Ports: large
0
Transportation: Ports: medium
2
Transportation: Ports: ports with oil terminals
4
Transportation: Ports: small
1
Transportation: Ports: total ports
11 (2024)
Transportation: Ports: very small
8
Transportation: Railways: total
10,628 km (2020) 4,030 km electrified
Warning: Some information might be outdated or incorrect, please check statistics before using(most of the economical stats are correct, its mostly the Population stats that are incorrect). Some dates are listed but some are missed, if you have any issues please report it to the Github at github.com.