Communications: Broadband - fixed subscriptions: subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
10 (2023 est.)
Communications: Broadband - fixed subscriptions: total
3.53 million (2023 est.)
Communications: Broadcast media
10 major TV networks of which only one, Television Nacional de Peru, is state owned; multi-channel cable TV services are available; in excess of 5,000 radio stations including a substantial number of local-language stations (2021)
Communications: Internet country code
.pe
Communications: Internet users: percent of population
81.96% (2024 est.)
Communications: Telephones - fixed lines: subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
4 (2023 est.)
Communications: Telephones - fixed lines: total subscriptions
1.504 million (2023 est.)
Communications: Telephones - mobile cellular: subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
125 (2024 est.)
Communications: Telephones - mobile cellular: total subscriptions
42.6 million (2024 est.)
Economy: Agricultural products
sugarcane, potatoes, rice, bananas, milk, maize, chicken, oil palm fruit, cassava, grapes (2023)
Economy: Average household expenditures: on alcohol and tobacco
2.5% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Economy: Average household expenditures: on food
26.9% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Economy: Budget: expenditures
$55.34 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Budget: revenues
$48.003 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2013
-$9.760 billion (2013 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2014
-$8.766 billion (2014 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2015
-$8.937 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2016
-$4.403 billion (2016 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2017
-$2.011 billion (2017 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2018
-$2.846 billion (2018 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2019
-$1.658 billion (2019 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2020
$1.574 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2021
-$5.090 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2022
-$9.972 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2023
$881.934 million (2023 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2024
$6.39 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: Debt - external: Debt - external 2022
$91.689 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Debt - external: Debt - external 2023
$38.102 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates
3.7525 (2024 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Currency
nuevo sol (PEN) per US dollar -
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2013
2.7019 (2013 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2014
2.8390 (2014 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2015
3.1844 (2015 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2016
3.3751 (2016 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2017
3.2605 (2017 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2018
3.2866 (2018 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2019
3.3373 (2019 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2020
3.4949 (2020 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2021
3.8806 (2021 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2022
3.8352 (2022 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2023
3.7438 (2023 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2024
3.7525 (2024 est.)
Economy: Exports - commodities
copper ore, gold, refined copper, refined petroleum, grapes (2023)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2011
$52.392 billion (2011 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2014
$45.392 billion (2014 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2015
$40.404 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2016
$43.370 billion (2016 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2017
$52.161 billion (2017 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2018
$56.077 billion (2018 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2019
$54.892 billion (2019 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2020
$46.347 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2021
$66.169 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2022
$71.39 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2023
$72.97 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2024
$83.325 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: exports of goods and services
28.5% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: government consumption
13.4% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption
61.6% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: imports of goods and services
-22.9% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: investment in fixed capital
20.8% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: investment in inventories
-1.4% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture
6.1% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by sector of origin: industry
32.2% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by sector of origin: services
52.7% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - per capita (PPP)
$17,802 (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP (official exchange rate)
$289.222 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP (purchasing power parity) - real
$609.160 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2015
43.4 (2015 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2016
43.6 (2016 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017
43.3 (2017 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018
42.4 (2018 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2019
41.5 (2019 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2020
43.7 (2020 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2021
40.1 (2021 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022
40.3 (2022 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2023
40.7 (2023 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2024
40.1 (2024 est.)
Economy: Household income or consumption by percentage share: highest 10%
30.6% (2023 est.)
Economy: Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%
2% (2023 est.)
Economy: Imports - commodities
refined petroleum, crude petroleum, cars, trucks, broadcasting equipment (2023)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2010
$35.180 billion (2010 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2015
$45.316 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2016
$43.731 billion (2016 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2017
$48.096 billion (2017 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2018
$52.175 billion (2018 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2019
$52.301 billion (2019 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2020
$42.768 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2021
$59.279 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2022
$69.936 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2023
$63.776 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2024
$67.16 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: Industrial production growth rate
3.1% (2024 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2015
3.40% (2015 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2016
3.56% (2016 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017
2.99% (2017 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018
1.51% (2018 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019
2.25% (2019 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020
2.00% (2020 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021
4.27% (2021 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022
8.33% (2022 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023
6.46% (2023 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024
2.01% (2024 est.)
Economy: Labor force
18.918 million (2024 est.)
Economy: Population below poverty line
27.60% (2024 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2013
18.39% (2013 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2014
19.57% (2014 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2016
23.71% (2016 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2017
24.75% (2017 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2018
25.73% (2018 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2019
26.53% (2019 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2020
34.76% (2020 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2021
35.25% (2021 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2014
$346.866 billion (2014 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2015
$353.320 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2016
$372.452 billion (2016 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017
$394.435 billion (2017 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019
$440.127 billion (2019 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020
$412.561 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021
$506.640 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022
$520.872 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023
$518.771 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024
$535.911 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2015
3.25% (2015 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2016
3.95% (2016 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2017
2.52% (2017 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2018
3.97% (2018 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2019
2.24% (2019 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2020
-10.93% (2020 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2021
13.36% (2021 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2022
2.81% (2022 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2023
-0.40% (2023 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2024
3.30% (2024 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2014
$11,518 (2014 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2015
$11,600 (2015 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2016
$12,067 (2016 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2017
$12,592 (2017 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2019
$13,564 (2019 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2020
$12,563 (2020 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2021
$15,281 (2021 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2022
$16,669 (2022 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2023
$17,011 (2023 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2013
$2.748 billion (2013 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2014
$2.690 billion (2014 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2015
$2.765 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2020
$2.907 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2021
1.6% of GDP (2021 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2022
1.5% of GDP (2022 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2023
1.7% of GDP (2023 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2024
$4.934 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2015
$61.595 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2016
$61.801 billion (2016 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2017
$63.819 billion (2017 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2018
$60.333 billion (2018 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2019
$68.440 billion (2019 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2020
$74.962 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021
$78.590 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022
$72.328 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023
$71.394 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024
$79.246 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: Taxes and other revenues
15.9% (of GDP) (2021 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2019
3.38% (2019 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2020
7.18% (2020 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2021
5.10% (2021 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2022
4.29% (2022 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2023
4.90% (2023 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2024
5.20% (2024 est.)
Economy: Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): female
9.8% (2024 est.)
Economy: Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): male
7.9% (2024 est.)
Economy: Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): total
8.8% (2024 est.)
Energy: Coal: consumption
973,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: exports
1.261 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: imports
446,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: production
1.382 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: proven reserves
1.567 billion metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity access: electrification - rural areas
85.1%
Energy: Electricity access: electrification - total population
96.2% (2022 est.)
Energy: Electricity access: electrification - urban areas
99%
Energy: Electricity generation sources: biomass and waste
1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: fossil fuels
44.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: hydroelectricity
49.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: solar
1.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: wind
3.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: consumption
53.3 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: imports
47.696 million kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: installed generating capacity
16.164 million kW (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: transmission/distribution losses
6.638 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Energy consumption per capita: Total energy consumption per capita 2023
30.923 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: consumption
9.675 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: exports
4.883 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: production
14.647 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: proven reserves
300.159 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Energy: Petroleum: crude oil estimated reserves
858.89 million barrels (2021 est.)
Energy: Petroleum: refined petroleum consumption
255,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Energy: Petroleum: total petroleum production
118,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: from coal and metallurgical coke
2.177 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: from consumed natural gas
21.863 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: from petroleum and other liquids
34.863 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: total emissions
58.903 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Climate
varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes
Environment: Environmental issues
deforestation (some the result of illegal logging); overgrazing leading to soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in Lima; pollution of rivers and coastal waters from municipal and mining wastes; overfishing
Environment: Geoparks: global geoparks and regional networks
Colca y Volcanes de Andagua (2023)
Environment: Geoparks: total global geoparks and regional networks
1
Environment: International environmental agreements: party to
Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
Environment: International environmental agreements: signed, but not ratified
none of the selected agreements
Environment: Land use: agricultural land
19.1% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 3.1% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 1.8% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 14.2% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: forest
52.9% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: other
28% (2023 est.)
Environment: Methane emissions: agriculture
623.5 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Environment: Methane emissions: energy
233.6 kt (2022-2024 est.)
Environment: Methane emissions: other
51.9 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Environment: Methane emissions: waste
317 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Environment: Particulate matter emissions
31.7 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Environment: Total renewable water resources
1.88 trillion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Environment: Total water withdrawal: agricultural
21.112 billion cubic meters (2022)
Environment: Total water withdrawal: industrial
1.666 billion cubic meters (2022)
Environment: Total water withdrawal: municipal
3.141 billion cubic meters (2022)
Environment: Urbanization: rate of urbanization
1.33% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Environment: Urbanization: urban population
85.19% (2024 est.)
Environment: Waste and recycling: municipal solid waste generated annually
8.357 million tons (2024 est.)
Environment: Waste and recycling: percent of municipal solid waste recycled
9.2% (2022 est.)
Geography: Area - comparative
almost twice the size of Texas; slightly smaller than Alaska
Geography: Area: land
1,279,996 sq km
Geography: Area: water
5,220 sq km
Geography: Coastline
2,414 km
Geography: Elevation: highest point
Nevado Huascaran 6,746 m
Geography: Elevation: lowest point
Pacific Ocean 0 m
Geography: Elevation: mean elevation
1,555 m
Geography: Geographic coordinates
10 00 S, 76 00 W
Geography: Geography - note
note 1: shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, with Bolivia; a remote slope of Nevado Mismi, a 5,316-m (17,441-ft) peak, is the ultimate source of the Amazon River note 2: Peru is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, which is a belt bordering the Pacific Ocean that contains about 75% of the world's volcanoes and up to 90% of the world's earthquakes note 3: on 19 February 1600, Mount Huaynaputina in the southern Peruvian Andes erupted in the largest volcanic explosion in South America in historical times; intermittent eruptions lasted until 5 March 1600 and pumped an estimated 16 to 32 million metric tons of particulates into the atmosphere, reducing the amount of sunlight reaching the earth's surface and affecting weather worldwide; over the next two-and-a-half years, millions died around the globe in famines from bitterly cold winters, cool summers, and the loss of crops and animals
Geography: Irrigated land
25,800 sq km (2012)
Geography: Land boundaries: border countries
Bolivia 1,212 km; Brazil 2,659 km; Chile 168 km; Colombia 1,494 km; Ecuador 1,529 km
Geography: Land boundaries: total
7,062 km
Geography: Land use: agricultural land
19.1% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 3.1% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 1.8% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 14.2% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: forest
52.9% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: other
28% (2023 est.)
Geography: Major aquifers
Amazon Basin
Geography: Major lakes (area sq km): fresh water lake(s)
Lago Titicaca (shared with Bolivia) - 8,030 sq km
Geography: Major rivers (by length in km)
Amazon river source (shared with Brazil [m]) - 6,400 km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Geography: Major watersheds (area sq km): Atlantic Ocean drainage
Amazon (6,145,186 sq km)
Geography: Map references
South America
Geography: Maritime claims: continental shelf
200 nm
Geography: Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone
200 nm
Geography: Maritime claims: territorial sea
200 nm; note: the US does not recognize this claim
Geography: Natural hazards
earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, landslides, mild volcanic activity volcanism: volcanic activity in the Andes Mountains; Ubinas (5,672 m) is the country's most active volcano; other historically active volcanoes include El Misti, Huaynaputina, Sabancaya, and Yucamane; see note 2 under "Geography - note"
Geography: Population distribution
approximately one third of the population resides along the desert coastal belt in the west, with a strong focus on the capital city of Lima; the Andean highlands, or sierra, contain roughly half of the population; the eastern slopes of the Andes and adjoining rainforest are sparsely populated
Geography: Terrain
western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva)
Government: Administrative divisions
24 departments ( departamentos , singular - departamento ), 1 province* ( provincia ), and 1 constitutional province** ( provincia constitucional ); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Callao**, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huánuco, Ica, Junín, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Lima*, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali
Government: Capital: etymology
the name is an early Spanish mispronunciation of the Quechua name Rimak , referring to a god and deriving from the word rima (to speak); Quechua priests used to speak to worshippers from inside statues of their gods
Government: Capital: geographic coordinates
12 03 S, 77 03 W
Government: Capital: time difference
UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Government: Citizenship: citizenship by birth
yes
Government: Citizenship: citizenship by descent only
yes
Government: Citizenship: dual citizenship recognized
yes
Government: Citizenship: residency requirement for naturalization
2 years
Government: Constitution: amendment process
proposed by Congress, by the president of the republic with the approval of the Council of Ministers or by petition of at least 0.3% of voters; passage requires absolute majority approval by the Congress membership, followed by approval in a referendum; a referendum is not required if Congress approves the amendment by greater than two-thirds majority vote in each of two successive sessions
Government: Constitution: history
several previous; latest promulgated 29 December 1993, enacted 31 December 1993
Government: Country name: conventional short form
Peru
Government: Country name: etymology
the name may derive from the Guarani word biru, meaning "river"
Government: Country name: local long form
República del Perú
Government: Country name: local short form
Perú
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission
Ambassador-designate Bernardo NAVARRO; Chargé d’Affaires Joan PERKINS (since 18 April 2025)
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: email address and website
lima_webmaster@state.gov https://pe.usembassy.gov/
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: embassy
Avenida La Encalada, Cuadra 17 s/n, Surco, Lima 33
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: FAX
[51] (1) 618-2724
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: mailing address
3230 Lima Place, Washington DC 20521-3230
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: telephone
[51] (1) 618-2000
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: chancery
1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission
Ambassador Alfredo Santiago Carlos FERRERO DIEZ CANSECO (since 27 February 2024)
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: consulate(s) general
Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Hartford (CT), Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (NJ), San Francisco
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: email address and website
Webadmin@embassyofperu.us Embassy of Peru in the United States - E-United States - Platform of the Peruvian State (www.gob.pe)
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: FAX
[1] (202) 659-8124
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: telephone
[1] (202) 833-9860
Government: Executive branch: cabinet
Council of Ministers appointed by the president
Government: Executive branch: chief of state
President José Enrique JERÍ Oré (since 10 October 2025)
Government: Executive branch: election results
2021: Jose Pedro CASTILLO Terrones elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Jose Pedro CASTILLO Terrones (PL) 18.9%, Keiko Sofia FUJIMORI Higuchi (FP) 13.4%, Rafael LOPEZ ALIAGA Cazorla (RP) 11.8%, Hernando DE SOTO Polar (Social Integration Party) 11.6%, Yonhy LESCANO Ancieta (AP) 9.1%, Veronika MENDOZA Frisch (JP) 7.9%, Cesar ACUNA Peralta (APP) 6%, George FORSYTH Sommer (VN) 5.7%, Daniel Belizario URRESTI Elera (PP) 5.6%, other 10%; percent of vote second round - Jose Pedro CASTILLO Terrones 50.1%, Keiko Sofia FUJIMORI Higuchi 49.9% 2016: Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI Godard elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Keiko FUJIMORI Higuchi (FP) 39.9%, Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI Godard (PPK) 21.1%, Veronika MENDOZA (FA) 18.7%, Alfredo BARNECHEA (AP) 7%, Alan GARCIA (APRA) 5.8%, other 7.5%; percent of vote in second round - Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI Godard 50.1%, Keiko FUJIMORI Higuchi 49.9%
Government: Executive branch: election/appointment process
president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for nonconsecutive terms)
Government: Executive branch: expected date of next election
12 April 2026
Government: Executive branch: head of government
President José Enrique JERÍ Oré (since 10 October 2025)
Government: Executive branch: most recent election date
11 April 2021, with a runoff on 6 June 2021
Government: Flag
description: three equal vertical bands of red (left side), white, and red, with the coat of arms centered on the white band; the coat of arms has a shield with a vicuna, a cinchona tree, and a yellow cornucopia spilling out coins meaning: the vicuna represents fauna, the cinchona tree is the source of quinine, and the cornucopia symbolizes mineral wealth; red stands for blood shed for independence, and white for peace
Government: International law organization participation
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Government: International organization participation
AIIB, APEC, BIS, CAN, CD, CELAC, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, Pacific Alliance, PCA, PROSUR, SICA (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNOOSA, UN Security Council (temporary), UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Government: Judicial branch: highest court(s)
Supreme Court (consists of 16 judges and divided into civil, criminal, and constitutional-social sectors)
Government: Judicial branch: judge selection and term of office
justices proposed by the National Board of Justice (a 7-member independent body), nominated by the president, and confirmed by the Congress; justices can serve until mandatory retirement at age 70
Government: Judicial branch: subordinate courts
Court of Constitutional Guarantees; Superior Courts or Cortes Superiores; specialized civil, criminal, and mixed courts; 2 types of peace courts in which professional judges and selected members of the local communities preside
Government: Legal system
civil law system
Government: Legislative branch: electoral system
proportional representation
Government: Legislative branch: expected date of next election
April 2026
Government: Legislative branch: legislative structure
unicameral
Government: Legislative branch: legislature name
Congress of the Republic (Congreso de la República)
Government: Legislative branch: most recent election date
4/11/2021
Government: Legislative branch: number of seats
130 (all directly elected)
Government: Legislative branch: parties elected and seats per party
Free Peru (PL) (37); Popular Force (FP) (24); Popular Action (AP) (16); Alliance for Progress (APP) (15); Go on Country - Social Integration Party (AvP) (10); Popular Renewal (RP) (9); We Are Peru" (SP) - Purple Party (PM) (9); Other (10)
Government: Legislative branch: percentage of women in chamber
41.5%
Government: Legislative branch: scope of elections
full renewal
Government: Legislative branch: term in office
5 years
Government: National anthem(s): history
adopted 1821
Government: National anthem(s): lyrics/music
Jose DE LA TORRE Ugarte/Jose Bernardo ALZEDO
Government: National color(s)
red, white
Government: National heritage: selected World Heritage Site locales
Cuzco (c); Machu Picchu (m); Chavin (c); Historic Lima (c); Huascarán National Park (n); Chan Chan (c); Manú National Park (n); Lines and Geoglyphs of Nazca (c); Rio Abiseo National Park (m); Historic Arequipa (c); Sacred City of Caral-Supe (c); Qhapaq Ñan/Andean Road System (c)
Government: National heritage: total World Heritage Sites
13 (9 cultural, 2 natural, 2 mixed)
Government: National holiday
Independence Day, 28-29 July (1821)
Government: National symbol(s)
vicuna (a camelid related to the llama)
Government: Political parties
Advance the Nation (Avanza País) or AvP Alliance for Progress (Alianza para el Progreso) or APP Broad Front (Frente Amplio) or FA Free Peru (Perú Libre) or PL Front for Hope (Frente Esperanza) Magisterial Block of National Concentration (Bloque Magisterial de Concertación Nacional) or BMCN National Victory (Victoria Nacional) or VN Peru Bicentennial (Perú Bicentenario) or PB Popular Action (Acción Popular) or AP Popular Force (Fuerza Popular) or FP Popular Renewal (Renovación Popular) or RP Purple Party (Partido Morado) Social Integration Party (Avanza País - Partido de Integración Social) Together For Perú (Juntos por el Peru) or JP We Are Peru (Somos Perú) of SP We Can Peru (Podemos Perú) or PP
Government: Suffrage
18 years of age; universal and compulsory until the age of 70
Introduction: Background
Ancient Peru was the seat of several prominent Andean civilizations, most notably that of the Incas whose empire was captured by Spanish conquistadors in 1533. Peru declared its independence in 1821, and remaining Spanish forces were defeated in 1824. After a dozen years of military rule, Peru returned to democratic leadership in 1980 but experienced economic problems and the growth of a violent insurgency. President Alberto FUJIMORI's election in 1990 ushered in a decade that saw a dramatic turnaround in the economy and significant progress in curtailing guerrilla activity. Nevertheless, an economic slump and the president's increasing reliance on authoritarian measures in the late 1990s generated mounting dissatisfaction with his regime, which led to his resignation in 2000. A caretaker government oversaw a new election in 2001 that installed Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique as the new head of government - Peru's first democratically elected president of indigenous ethnicity. The presidential election of 2006 saw the return of Alan GARCIA Perez who, after a disappointing presidential term from 1985 to 1990, presided over a robust economic rebound. Former army officer Ollanta HUMALA Tasso was elected president in 2011 and carried on the market-oriented economic policies of the three preceding administrations. Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI Godard won a very narrow runoff in the 2016 presidential election. Facing impeachment after evidence surfaced of his involvement in a vote-buying scandal, KUCZYNSKI offered his resignation in 2018, and First Vice President Martin Alberto VIZCARRA Cornejo was sworn in as president. In 2019, VIZCARRA invoked his constitutional authority to dissolve Peru's Congress after months of battling with the body over anticorruption reforms. New congressional elections in 2020 resulted in an opposition-led legislature. The Congress impeached VIZCARRA for a second time and removed him from office after accusations of corruption and mishandling of the COVID-19 pandemic. Because of vacancies in the vice-presidential positions, the President of the Peruvian Congress, Manuel MERINO, became the next president. His ascension to office was not well received, and large protests forced his resignation later in 2020. Francisco SAGASTI assumed the position of President of Peru after being appointed President of the Congress the previous day. Jose Pedro CASTILLO Terrones won presidential election in 2021 but was impeached and ousted the following year; his vice president, Dina BOLUARTE, assumed the presidency by constitutional succession in 2022.
Military and Security: Military - note
the Peruvian Armed Forces (FAP) are responsible for external defense in addition to some domestic security responsibilities in designated emergency areas and in exceptional circumstances; key areas of focus include counterinsurgency, counternarcotics, cyber defense, disaster relief, and maritime security operations; the FAP supported the police during anti-government protests in early 2023; it has contributed to UN missions since 1958 and has ties to regional militaries, particularly Colombia, as well as those of numerous other countries such as China, Russia, Spain, and the US; the FAP’s last external conflict was a brief border war with Ecuador in 1995 the Special Command of the Valley of the Apurimac, Ene, and Mantaro rivers (CE-VRAEM) is responsible for combating the remnants of the Shining Path terrorist group (aka Sendero Luminoso) and includes several thousand air, ground, naval, police, and special forces personnel; the FAP also provides aircraft, vehicles, and logistical support to the command (2025)
Military and Security: Military and security forces
Armed Forces of Peru (Fuerzas Armadas del Perú or FAP): Peruvian Army (Ejercito del Peru), Peruvian Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru, MGP, includes naval infantry and General Directorate of Captaincies and Coast Guards, DICAPI), Air Force of Peru (Fuerza Aerea del Peru, FAP) Ministry of the Interior: Peruvian National Police (Policía Nacional del Perú, PNP) (2025)
Military and Security: Military and security service personnel strengths
information varies; approximately 85,000 active-duty Armed Forces (50,000 Army; 25,000 Navy; 10,000 Air Force); approximately 75,000 National Police (2025)
Military and Security: Military deployments
225 Central African Republic (MINUSCA) (2025)
Military and Security: Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the military's inventory consists of mostly older or secondhand armaments originating from a range of countries, including Brazil, China, France, Germany, Italy, Russia/former Soviet Union, South Korea, Spain, and the US; Peru has a small defense industry, including a shipyard that builds and upgrades naval vessels; it also has defense industrial cooperation agreements with several countries, including Russia, South Korea, Spain, and the US (2025)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2015
1.75% (2015 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2016
1.32% (2016 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2017
1.27% (2017 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2018
1.19% (2018 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2019
1.21% (2019 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2020
1.32% (2020 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2021
1.16% (2021 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2022
1.14% (2022 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2023
1.24% (2023 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2024
0.91% (2024 est.)
Military and Security: Military service age and obligation
18-30 years of age for voluntary military service (12-24 months) (2025)
People and Society: Age structure: 0-14 years
25.8% (male 4,293,229/female 4,119,269)
People and Society: Age structure: 15-64 years
66.2% (male 10,546,502/female 11,041,106)
People and Society: Age structure: 65 years and over
8% (2024 est.) (male 1,112,825/female 1,487,318)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: beer
3.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: other alcohols
0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: spirits
2.26 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: total
5.74 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: wine
0.46 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Birth rate
16.43 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
People and Society: Child marriage: women married by age 15
2% (2020)
People and Society: Child marriage: women married by age 18
14.1% (2020)
People and Society: Children under the age of 5 years underweight
2.7% (2023 est.)
People and Society: Current health expenditure
5.64% (2023 est.)
People and Society: Currently married women (ages 15-49)
52.7% (2022 est.)
People and Society: Death rate
9.79 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: elderly dependency ratio
12 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: potential support ratio
8.3 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio
50.4 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: youth dependency ratio
38.4 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: improved: rural
rural: 84.9% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: improved: total
total: 94.8% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: improved: urban
urban: 97.5% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: unimproved: rural
rural: 15.1% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: unimproved: total
total: 5.2% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: unimproved: urban
urban: 2.5% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Education expenditure: Education expenditure (% GDP)
4.2% of GDP (2023 est.)
People and Society: Education expenditure: Education expenditure (% national budget)
19.2% national budget (2024 est.)
People and Society: Education expenditures
4.36% (2024 est.)
People and Society: Ethnic groups
Mestizo (mixed Indigenous and White) 60.2%, Indigenous 25.8%, White 5.9%, African descent 3.6%, other (includes Chinese and Japanese descent) 1.2%, unspecified 3.3% (2017 est.)
People and Society: Gross reproduction rate
1.04 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Health expenditure: Health expenditure (as % of GDP)
6.2% of GDP (2021)
People and Society: Health expenditure: Health expenditure (as % of national budget)
16.7% of national budget (2022 est.)
People and Society: HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate
0.40% (2024 est.)
People and Society: Hospital bed density
1.6 beds/1,000 population (2023 est.)
People and Society: Infant mortality rate: female
9.7 deaths/1,000 live births
People and Society: Infant mortality rate: male
11.9 deaths/1,000 live births
People and Society: Infant mortality rate: total
11.0 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)
People and Society: Languages: Languages
Spanish (official) 82.9%, Quechua (official) 13.6%, Aymara (official) 1.6%, Ashaninka 0.3%, other native languages (includes many minor Amazonian languages) 0.8%, other 0.2%, none 0.1%, unspecified 0.7% (2017 est.)
People and Society: Languages: major-language sample(s)
La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
People and Society: Life expectancy at birth: female
80.3 years (2024 est.)
People and Society: Life expectancy at birth: male
75.6 years (2024 est.)
People and Society: Literacy: female
90.7% (2024 est.)
People and Society: Literacy: male
97% (2024 est.)
People and Society: Literacy: total population
93.66% (2024 est.)
People and Society: Major urban areas - population
11.204 million LIMA (capital), 959,000 Arequipa, 904,000 Trujillo (2023)
People and Society: Maternal mortality ratio
51 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
People and Society: Median age: female
31.3 years
People and Society: Median age: male
29.1 years
People and Society: Mother's mean age at first birth
21.9 years (2013 est.)
People and Society: Nationality: adjective
Peruvian
People and Society: Net migration rate
-1.16 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
People and Society: Obesity - adult prevalence rate
19.7% (2016)
People and Society: Physician density
1.69 physicians/1,000 population (2023)
People and Society: Population
34,217,848 (2024 est.)
People and Society: Population distribution
approximately one third of the population resides along the desert coastal belt in the west, with a strong focus on the capital city of Lima; the Andean highlands, or sierra, contain roughly half of the population; the eastern slopes of the Andes and adjoining rainforest are sparsely populated
People and Society: Population growth rate
0.55% (2025 est.)
People and Society: Population: female
16,752,166
People and Society: Population: male
16,016,448
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: improved: rural
rural: 65.9% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: improved: total
total: 88.1% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: improved: urban
urban: 94.1% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: unimproved: rural
rural: 34.1% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: unimproved: total
total: 11.9% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: unimproved: urban
urban: 5.9% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): female
15 years (2017 est.)
People and Society: School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): male
15 years (2017 est.)
People and Society: School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total
15 years (2017 est.)
People and Society: Sex ratio: 0-14 years
1.04 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: 15-64 years
0.96 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: 65 years and over
0.75 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: at birth
1.05 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: total population
0.96 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
People and Society: Tobacco use: female
2.1% (2025 est.)
People and Society: Tobacco use: male
9.5% (2025 est.)
People and Society: Tobacco use: total
5.7% (2025 est.)
People and Society: Total fertility rate
1.97 children born/woman (2024 est.)
People and Society: Urbanization: rate of urbanization
1.33% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
People and Society: Urbanization: urban population
85.19% (2024 est.)
Space: Key space-program milestones
2006 - launched first sounding rocket/space probe (Paulet-1) 2013 - first domestically built scientific/research satellite (PUCP-SAT-1) launched by Russia; launched first domestically built rocket (Paulet 1-B) capable of reaching the stratosphere 2016 - first remote sensing satellite (PeruSat-1) acquired from France and launched on European rocket 2024 - signed US-led Artemis Accords on space and lunar exploration
Space: Space agency/agencies
National Aerospace Research and Development Commission (Comisión Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Aeroespacia, CONIDA; established 1974) (2025)
Space: Space launch site(s)
in 2024, Peru announced an initiative to develop a future spaceport in Talara (Piura department)
Space: Space program overview
focuses on acquiring satellites, applying space applications such as data satellite imagery, and building small rockets; has built a small science/technology satellite; operates satellites and processes satellite imagery data; builds and launches sounding rockets with goal of developing a satellite/space launch vehicle (SLV); researching, developing, and acquiring technologies for manufacturing satellites and satellite payloads, including remote sensing (RS) capabilities; member of Latin American and Caribbean Space Agency (ALCE) since its formation in 2021; cooperates with a variety of foreign space agencies and industries, including those of Brazil, China, the ESA, individual ESA member states (particularly France and Germany), India, Russia, South Korea, Thailand, and the US, as well as other ALCE signatories (2025)
Terrorism: Terrorist group(s)
Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso); Tren de Aragua (TdA)
Transnational Issues: Illicit drugs: USG identification
major illicit drug-producing and/or drug-transit country major precursor-chemical producer (2025)
Transnational Issues: Refugees and internally displaced persons: IDPs
83,441 (2024 est.)
Transnational Issues: Refugees and internally displaced persons: refugees
546,699 (2024 est.)
Transnational Issues: Refugees and internally displaced persons: stateless persons
32 (2024 est.)
Transportation: Airports
174 (2025)
Transportation: Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
OB
Transportation: Heliports
7 (2025)
Transportation: Merchant marine: by type
general cargo 1, oil tanker 9, other 101
Transportation: Merchant marine: total
111 (2023)
Transportation: Ports: key ports
Bahia de Matarani, Iquitos, Puerto del Callao, Talara
Transportation: Ports: large
0
Transportation: Ports: medium
1
Transportation: Ports: ports with oil terminals
16
Transportation: Ports: small
3
Transportation: Ports: total ports
20 (2024)
Transportation: Ports: very small
16
Transportation: Railways: narrow gauge
124 km (2014) 0.914-m gauge
Transportation: Railways: standard gauge
1,730.4 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge (34 km electrified)
Transportation: Railways: total
1,854.4 km (2017)
Warning: Some information might be outdated or incorrect, please check statistics before using(most of the economical stats are correct, its mostly the Population stats that are incorrect). Some dates are listed but some are missed, if you have any issues please report it to the Github at github.com.