Communications: Broadband - fixed subscriptions: subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
32 (2023 est.)
Communications: Broadband - fixed subscriptions: total
203,000 (2023 est.)
Communications: Broadcast media
state-funded national radio and TV broadcaster operates 2 terrestrial TV networks, 1 satellite TV channel, and 2 radio networks; 4 local public TV stations and 14 private TV stations; 14 local public radio stations, 35 private radio stations, and several online media (2019)
Communications: Internet country code
.me
Communications: Internet users: percent of population
88.88% (2024 est.)
Communications: Telephones - fixed lines: subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
30 (2023 est.)
Communications: Telephones - fixed lines: total subscriptions
190,000 (2023 est.)
Communications: Telephones - mobile cellular: subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
203 (2022 est.)
Communications: Telephones - mobile cellular: total subscriptions
1.31 million (2023 est.)
Economy: Agricultural products
milk, potatoes, watermelons, grapes, sheep milk, cabbages, oranges, eggs, goat milk, figs (2023)
Economy: Average household expenditures: on alcohol and tobacco
5.6% of household expenditures (2022 est.)
Economy: Average household expenditures: on food
24.8% of household expenditures (2022 est.)
Economy: Budget: expenditures
$1.491 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Budget: revenues
$1.463 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2013
-$511.4 million (2013 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2014
-$570.4 million (2014 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2015
-$443.1 million (2015 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2016
-$707.5 million (2016 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2017
-$761.4 million (2017 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2018
-$943.0 million (2018 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2019
-$795.7 million (2019 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2020
-$1.237 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2021
-$541.2 million (2021 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2022
-$817.858 million (2022 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2023
-$851.525 million (2023 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2024
-$1.406 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: Debt - external: Debt - external 2022
$8.806 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Debt - external: Debt - external 2023
$3.643 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates
0.924367 (2024 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Currency
euros (EUR) per US dollar -
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2013
0.752945 (2013 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2014
0.752728 (2014 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2015
0.901296 (2015 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2016
0.903421 (2016 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2017
0.885206 (2017 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2018
0.846773 (2018 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2019
0.893216 (2019 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2020
0.877475 (2020 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2021
0.845377 (2021 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2022
0.950916 (2022 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2023
0.924710 (2023 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2024
0.924367 (2024 est.)
Economy: Exports - commodities
electricity, aluminum, copper ore, aluminum ore, packaged medicine (2023)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2011
$1.913 billion (2011 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2014
$1.844 billion (2014 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2015
$1.714 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2016
$1.777 billion (2016 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2017
$1.994 billion (2017 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2018
$2.361 billion (2018 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2019
$2.430 billion (2019 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2020
$1.240 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2021
$2.511 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2022
$3.177 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2023
$3.769 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2024
$3.629 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: exports of goods and services
44.9% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: government consumption
17.9% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption
76.3% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: imports of goods and services
-67.5% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: investment in fixed capital
20.2% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: investment in inventories
8.3% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture
5.2% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by sector of origin: industry
11.6% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by sector of origin: services
62.1% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - per capita (PPP)
$34,063 (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP (official exchange rate)
$8.07 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP (purchasing power parity) - real
$21.239 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2015
39.0 (2015 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2016
38.5 (2016 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017
36.9 (2017 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018
36.8 (2018 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2019
35.7 (2019 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2020
35.4 (2020 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2021
34.3 (2021 est.)
Economy: Household income or consumption by percentage share: highest 10%
24.7% (2021 est.)
Economy: Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%
2.1% (2021 est.)
Economy: Imports - commodities
refined petroleum, cars, electricity, packaged medicine, aluminum (2023)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2010
$2.571 billion (2010 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2015
$2.463 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2016
$2.761 billion (2016 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2017
$3.133 billion (2017 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2018
$3.675 billion (2018 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2019
$3.602 billion (2019 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2020
$2.910 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2021
$3.646 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2022
$4.614 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2023
$5.167 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2024
$5.478 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: Industrial production growth rate
-1.7% (2024 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2015
1.55% (2015 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2016
-0.27% (2016 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017
2.38% (2017 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018
2.61% (2018 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019
0.36% (2019 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020
-0.26% (2020 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021
2.41% (2021 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022
13.04% (2022 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023
8.58% (2023 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024
3.34% (2024 est.)
Economy: Labor force
245,300 (2024 est.)
Economy: Population below poverty line
20.00% (2023 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2017
67.2% of GDP (2017 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2014
$9.528 billion (2014 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2015
$10.052 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2016
$11.275 billion (2016 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017
$12.117 billion (2017 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019
$14.858 billion (2019 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020
$12.923 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021
$14.808 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022
$15.857 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023
$16.862 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024
$17.375 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2015
2.52% (2015 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2016
3.44% (2016 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2017
3.22% (2017 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2018
4.73% (2018 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2019
4.39% (2019 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2020
-14.99% (2020 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2021
13.05% (2021 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2022
7.74% (2022 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2023
6.48% (2023 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2024
3.16% (2024 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2014
$15,276 (2014 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2015
$16,092 (2015 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2016
$18,030 (2016 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2017
$19,357 (2017 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2019
$23,706 (2019 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2020
$20,625 (2020 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2021
$23,690 (2021 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2022
$28,050 (2022 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2023
$31,863 (2023 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2013
$545.3 million (2013 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2014
$543.4 million (2014 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2015
$469.7 million (2015 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2020
$600.7 million (2020 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2021
$792.2 million (2021 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2022
13.3% of GDP (2022 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2023
10.7% of GDP (2023 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2024
10.6% of GDP (2024 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2015
$681.8 million (2015 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2016
$793.7 million (2016 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2017
$1.016 billion (2017 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2018
$1.202 billion (2018 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2019
$1.529 billion (2019 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2020
$2.135 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021
$1.982 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022
$2.041 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023
$1.574 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024
$1.741 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2019
15.13% (2019 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2020
17.88% (2020 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2021
16.54% (2021 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2022
14.85% (2022 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2023
13.15% (2023 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2024
13.21% (2024 est.)
Economy: Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): female
23.6% (2024 est.)
Economy: Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): male
27.5% (2024 est.)
Economy: Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): total
25.9% (2024 est.)
Energy: Coal: consumption
1.658 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: exports
205,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: imports
2.8 metric tons (2022 est.)
Energy: Coal: production
1.862 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: proven reserves
337 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity access: electrification - total population
100% (2022 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: fossil fuels
39.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: hydroelectricity
53% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: solar
0.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: wind
7.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: consumption
2.719 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: exports
6.288 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: imports
5.421 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: installed generating capacity
1.082 million kW (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: transmission/distribution losses
601.023 million kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Energy consumption per capita: Total energy consumption per capita 2023
63.407 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
Energy: Petroleum: refined petroleum consumption
9,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: from coal and metallurgical coke
1.543 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: from petroleum and other liquids
1.265 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: total emissions
2.808 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Climate
Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland
Environment: Environmental issues
pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets; serious air pollution in some cities from lignite power plants and household use of coal and wood for heating
Environment: International environmental agreements: party to
Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
Environment: International environmental agreements: signed, but not ratified
none of the selected agreements
Environment: Land use: agricultural land
19.6% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 0.7% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 0.4% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 18.5% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: forest
61.5% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: other
18.9% (2023 est.)
Environment: Particulate matter emissions
17.9 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Environment: Total water withdrawal: agricultural
6.76 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
Environment: Total water withdrawal: industrial
2.079 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Environment: Total water withdrawal: municipal
121.32 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
Environment: Urbanization: rate of urbanization
0.45% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Environment: Urbanization: urban population
65.54% (2024 est.)
Environment: Waste and recycling: municipal solid waste generated annually
329,800 tons (2024 est.)
Environment: Waste and recycling: percent of municipal solid waste recycled
6.4% (2022 est.)
Geography: Area - comparative
slightly smaller than Connecticut; slightly larger than twice the size of Delaware
Geography: Area: land
13,452 sq km
Geography: Area: water
360 sq km
Geography: Coastline
293.5 km
Geography: Elevation: highest point
Zia Kolata 2,534 m
Geography: Elevation: lowest point
Adriatic Sea 0 m
Geography: Elevation: mean elevation
1,086 m
Geography: Geographic coordinates
42 30 N, 19 18 E
Geography: Geography - note
strategic location along the Adriatic coast
Geography: Irrigated land
24 sq km (2012)
Geography: Land boundaries: border countries
Albania 186 km; Bosnia and Herzegovina 242 km; Croatia 19 km; Kosovo 76 km; Serbia 157 km
Geography: Land boundaries: total
680 km
Geography: Land use: agricultural land
19.6% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 0.7% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 0.4% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 18.5% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: forest
61.5% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: other
18.9% (2023 est.)
Geography: Major lakes (area sq km): fresh water lake(s)
Lake Scutari (shared with Albania) - 400 sq km note - largest lake in the Balkans
Geography: Major watersheds (area sq km): Atlantic Ocean drainage
(Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)
Geography: Map references
Europe
Geography: Maritime claims: continental shelf
defined by treaty
Geography: Maritime claims: territorial sea
12 nm
Geography: Natural hazards
destructive earthquakes
Geography: Population distribution
highest population density is concentrated in the south and southwest; the extreme eastern border is the least populated area
Geography: Terrain
highly indented coastline with narrow coastal plain backed by rugged high limestone mountains and plateaus
Government: Administrative divisions
25 municipalities ( opstine , singular - opstina ); Andrijevica, Bar, Berane, Bijelo Polje, Budva, Cetinje, Danilovgrad, Gusinje, Herceg Novi, Kolasin, Kotor, Mojkovac, Niksic, Petnjica, Plav, Pljevlja, Pluzine, Podgorica, Rozaje, Savnik, Tivat, Tuzi, Ulcinj, Zabljak, Zeta
Government: Capital: daylight saving time
+1 hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Government: Capital: etymology
the Slavic name translates as "under the mountain," from pod (under) and gora (mountain)
Government: Capital: geographic coordinates
42 26 N, 19 16 E
Government: Capital: time difference
UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Government: Citizenship: citizenship by birth
no
Government: Citizenship: citizenship by descent only
at least one parent must be a citizen of Montenegro
Government: Citizenship: dual citizenship recognized
no
Government: Citizenship: residency requirement for naturalization
10 years
Government: Constitution: amendment process
proposed by the president of Montenegro, by the government, or by at least 25 members of the Assembly; passage of draft proposals requires two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly, followed by a public hearing; passage of draft amendments requires two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly; changes to certain constitutional articles, such as sovereignty, state symbols, citizenship, and constitutional change procedures, require three-fifths majority vote in a referendum
Government: Constitution: history
several previous; latest adopted 22 October 2007
Government: Country name: conventional short form
Montenegro
Government: Country name: etymology
the name in Italian means "dark mountain" and is a translation of the Serbo-Croatian name Crna Gora; both refer to the dark coniferous forests in the mountainous region
Government: Country name: former
People's Republic of Montenegro, Socialist Republic of Montenegro, Republic of Montenegro
Government: Country name: local long form
none
Government: Country name: local short form
Crna Gora
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission
Ambassador Judy Rising REINKE (since 20 December 2018)
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: email address and website
PodgoricaACS@state.gov https://me.usembassy.gov/
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: embassy
Dzona Dzeksona 2, 81000 Podgorica
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: FAX
[382] (0) 20-241-358
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: mailing address
5570 Podgorica Place, Washington DC 20521-5570
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: telephone
[382] (0) 20-410-500
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: chancery
1610 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20009
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission
Ambassador Jovan MIRKOVIĆ (since 18 September 2024)
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: consulate(s) general
New York
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: email address and website
usa@mfa.gov.me United States of America - Embassies and consulates of Montenegro and visa regimes for foreign citizens (www.gov.me)
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: FAX
[1] (202) 234-6109
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: telephone
[1] (202) 234-6108
Government: Executive branch: cabinet
ministers serve as the cabinet
Government: Executive branch: chief of state
President Jakov MILATOVIC (since 20 May 2023)
Government: Executive branch: election results
2023: Jakov MILATOVIC elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Milo DUKANOVIC (DPS) 35.4%, Jakov MILATOVIC (Europe Now!) 28.9%, Andrija MANDIC (DF) 19.3%, Aleksa BECIC (DCG) 11.1%, other 5.3%; percent of vote in second round - Jakov MILATOVIC 58.9%, Milo DUKANOVIC 41.1% 2018: Milo DJUKANOVIC elected president in first round; percent of vote - Milo DJUKANOVIC (DPS) 53.9%, Mladen BOJANIC (independent) 33.4%, Draginja VUKSANOVIC (SDP) 8.2%, Marko MILACIC (PRAVA) 2.8%, other 1.7%
Government: Executive branch: election/appointment process
president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister nominated by the president, approved by the Assembly
Government: Executive branch: expected date of next election
2028
Government: Executive branch: head of government
Prime Minister Milojko SPAJIC (since 31 October 2023)
Government: Executive branch: most recent election date
19 March 2023, with a runoff on 2 April 2023
Government: Flag
description: a red field bordered with a narrow golden-yellow stripe; the Montenegrin coat of arms in the center is a double-headed golden eagle, with a crown above; the eagle holds a golden scepter in its right claw and a blue orb in its left; the eagle's breast shield shows a golden lion on a green field in front of a blue sky meaning: the eagle symbolizes the unity of church and state; the lion is a symbol of episcopal authority, a reference to the three-and-a-half centuries when Montenegro was ruled as a theocracy
Government: International law organization participation
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Government: International organization participation
CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Government: Judicial branch: highest court(s)
Supreme Court or Vrhovni Sud (consists of the court president, deputy president, and 15 judges); Constitutional Court or Ustavni Sud (consists of the court president and 7 judges)
Government: Judicial branch: judge selection and term of office
Supreme Court president proposed by general session of the Supreme Court and elected by the Judicial Council, a 9-member body consisting of judges, lawyers designated by the Assembly, and the minister of judicial affairs; Supreme Court president elected for a single renewable, 5-year term; other judges elected by the Judicial Council for life; Constitutional Court judges - 2 proposed by the president of Montenegro and 5 by the Assembly, and elected by the Assembly; court president elected from among the court members; court president elected for a 3-year term, other judges serve 9-year terms
Government: Judicial branch: subordinate courts
Administrative Courts; Appellate Court; Commercial Courts; High Courts; basic courts
Government: Legal system
civil law
Government: Legislative branch: electoral system
proportional representation
Government: Legislative branch: expected date of next election
June 2027
Government: Legislative branch: legislative structure
unicameral
Government: Legislative branch: legislature name
Parliament (Skupstina)
Government: Legislative branch: most recent election date
6/11/2023
Government: Legislative branch: number of seats
81 (all directly elected)
Government: Legislative branch: parties elected and seats per party
Europe now! (Evropa sad) (24); Together! For the future that belongs to you (DPS – SD – DUA – LP - UDSh) (21); For the future of Montenegro (New Serb Democracy; Democratic People’s Party of Montenegro, Labour Party) (13); Bravery counts! (HRABRO se broji!) (11); It’s clear! (Jasno je!) – Bosniak Party (6); Other (6)
Government: Legislative branch: percentage of women in chamber
27.2%
Government: Legislative branch: scope of elections
full renewal
Government: Legislative branch: term in office
4 years
Government: National anthem(s): history
adopted 2004; music based on a Montenegrin folk song
Government: National anthem(s): lyrics/music
Sekula DRLJEVIC/unknown, arranged by Zarko MIKOVIC
Government: National color(s)
red, gold
Government: National heritage: selected World Heritage Site locales
Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor (c); Durmitor National Park (n); Stećci Medieval Tombstones Graveyards (c); Fortified City of Kotor Venetian Defense Works (c)
Government: National heritage: total World Heritage Sites
4 (3 cultural, 1 natural)
Government: National holiday
Statehood Day, 13 July (1878, 1941)
Government: National symbol(s)
double-headed eagle
Government: Political parties
Albanian Alliance (electoral coalition includes FORCA, PD, DSCG) Albanian Alternative or AA Albanian Democratic League or LDSH Albanian Forum (electoral coalition includes AA, LDSH, UDSH) Aleksa and Dritan - Count Bravely! (electoral coalition includes Democrats, URA) Bosniak Party or BS Civic Movement United Reform Action or United Reform Action or URA Croatian Civic Initiative or HGI Democratic Alliance or DEMOS Democratic League in Montenegro or DSCG Democratic Montenegro or Democrats Democratic Party of Socialists or DPS Democratic People's Party or DNP Democratic Union of Albanians or UDSH Europe Now! For the Future of Montenegro or ZBCG (coalition includes NSD, DNP, RP) Liberal Party or LP New Democratic Power or FORCA New Serb Democracy or NSD or NOVA Social Democrats or SD Socialist People's Party or SNP Together! (electoral coalition includes DPS, SD, LP, UDSH) United Montenegro or UCG (split from DEMOS) Workers' Party or RP
Government: Suffrage
18 years of age; universal
Introduction: Background
The use of the name Crna Gora or Black Mountain (Montenegro) began in the 13th century in reference to a highland region in the Serbian province of Zeta. Under Ottoman control beginning in 1496, Montenegro was a semi-autonomous theocracy ruled by a series of bishop princes until 1852, when it became a secular principality. Montenegro fought a series of wars with the Ottomans and eventually won recognition as an independent sovereign principality at the Congress of Berlin in 1878. In 1918, the country was absorbed by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, which became the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929. At the end of World War II, Montenegro joined the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). When the SFRY dissolved in 1992, Montenegro and Serbia created the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY), which shifted in 2003 to a looser State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. Montenegro voted to restore its independence on 3 June 2006. Montenegro became an official EU candidate in 2010 and joined NATO in 2017.
Military and Security: Military - note
the Army of Montenegro is responsible for the defense of Montenegro’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, cooperating in international and multinational security, and assisting civil authorities during emergencies such as natural disasters; since Montenegro joined NATO in 2017, another focus has been integrating into the Alliance, including adapting NATO standards for planning and professionalization, structural reforms, and modernization by replacing its Soviet-era equipment; the Army trains and exercises with NATO partners and actively supports NATO missions and operations, committing small numbers of troops in Afghanistan, Kosovo, and NATO’s Enhanced Forward Presence mission in Eastern Europe; a few personnel have also been deployed on EU- and UN-led operations (2025)
Military and Security: Military and security forces
Army of Montenegro (Vojska Crne Gore or VCG): Ground Forces, Air Force, Navy Ministry of Interior: Police Directorate of Montenegro (2025)
Military and Security: Military and security service personnel strengths
approximately 2,000 active-duty military personnel (2025)
Military and Security: Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the military's inventory is small and consists largely of Soviet-era equipment inherited from the former Yugoslavia military, along with a limited but growing mix of imported Western systems (2025)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2015
1.40% (2015 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2016
1.41% (2016 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2017
1.36% (2017 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2018
1.37% (2018 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2019
1.33% (2019 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2020
1.74% (2020 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2021
1.56% (2021 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2022
1.57% (2022 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2023
1.52% (2023 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2024
1.83% (2024 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2025
2% of GDP (2025 est.)
Military and Security: Military service age and obligation
18-30 for voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 2006 (2025)
People and Society: Age structure: 0-14 years
17.7% (male 54,608/female 51,594)
People and Society: Age structure: 15-64 years
64.4% (male 192,631/female 193,515)
People and Society: Age structure: 65 years and over
17.9% (2024 est.) (male 47,243/female 60,258)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: beer
3.83 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: other alcohols
0.16 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: spirits
3.22 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: total
9.91 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: wine
2.68 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Birth rate
10.77 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
People and Society: Child marriage: men married by age 18
3.2% (2018)
People and Society: Child marriage: women married by age 15
1.9% (2018)
People and Society: Child marriage: women married by age 18
5.8% (2018)
People and Society: Children under the age of 5 years underweight
3.7% (2018 est.)
People and Society: Current health expenditure
9.65% (2023 est.)
People and Society: Currently married women (ages 15-49)
57.6% (2018 est.)
People and Society: Death rate
10.29 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: elderly dependency ratio
27.8 (2024 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: potential support ratio
3.6 (2024 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio
55.3 (2024 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: youth dependency ratio
27.5 (2024 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: improved: rural
rural: 98.2% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: improved: total
total: 98.9% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: improved: urban
urban: 99.2% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: unimproved: rural
rural: 1.8% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: unimproved: total
total: 1.1% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: unimproved: urban
urban: 0.8% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Ethnic groups
Montenegrin 45%, Serbian 28.7%, Bosniak 8.7%, Albanian 4.9%, Muslim 3.3%, Romani 1%, Croat 1%, other 2.6%, unspecified 4.9% (2011 est.)
People and Society: Gross reproduction rate
0.88 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Health expenditure: Health expenditure (as % of GDP)
10.6% of GDP (2021)
People and Society: Health expenditure: Health expenditure (as % of national budget)
16.3% of national budget (2022 est.)
People and Society: HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate
0.10% (2024 est.)
People and Society: Hospital bed density
3.8 beds/1,000 population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Infant mortality rate: female
3.7 deaths/1,000 live births
People and Society: Infant mortality rate: male
2.7 deaths/1,000 live births
People and Society: Infant mortality rate: total
3.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
People and Society: Languages: Languages
Serbian 42.9%, Montenegrin (official) 37%, Bosnian 5.3%, Albanian 5.3%, Serbo-Croat 2%, other 3.5%, unspecified 4% (2011 est.)
People and Society: Languages: major-language sample(s)
Knjiga svetskih činjenica, neophodan izvor osnovnih informacija. (Serbian) Knjiga svjetskih činjenica, neophodan izvor osnovnih informacija. (Montenegrin/Bosnian) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
People and Society: Life expectancy at birth: female
80.4 years (2024 est.)
People and Society: Life expectancy at birth: male
75.5 years (2024 est.)
People and Society: Literacy: female
97.9% (2018 est.)
People and Society: Literacy: male
99.2% (2018 est.)
People and Society: Literacy: total population
98.53% (2018 est.)
People and Society: Major urban areas - population
177,000 PODGORICA (capital) (2018)
People and Society: Maternal mortality ratio
6 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
People and Society: Median age: female
42.5 years
People and Society: Median age: male
39.5 years
People and Society: Mother's mean age at first birth
26.3 years (2010 est.)
People and Society: Nationality: adjective
Montenegrin
People and Society: Net migration rate
-5.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
People and Society: Obesity - adult prevalence rate
23.3% (2016)
People and Society: Physician density
2.78 physicians/1,000 population (2023)
People and Society: Population
623,525 (2024 est.)
People and Society: Population distribution
highest population density is concentrated in the south and southwest; the extreme eastern border is the least populated area
People and Society: Population growth rate
-0.46% (2025 est.)
People and Society: Population: female
305,367
People and Society: Population: male
294,482
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: improved: rural
rural: 93.9% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: improved: total
total: 98.1% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: improved: urban
urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: unimproved: rural
rural: 6.1% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: unimproved: total
total: 1.9% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: unimproved: urban
urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): female
16 years (2023 est.)
People and Society: School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): male
15 years (2023 est.)
People and Society: School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total
16 years (2023 est.)
People and Society: Sex ratio: 0-14 years
1.06 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: 15-64 years
1 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: 65 years and over
0.78 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: at birth
1.04 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: total population
0.96 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
People and Society: Tobacco use: female
33.1% (2025 est.)
People and Society: Tobacco use: male
29.9% (2025 est.)
People and Society: Tobacco use: total
31.6% (2025 est.)
People and Society: Total fertility rate
1.80 children born/woman (2024 est.)
People and Society: Urbanization: rate of urbanization
0.45% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
People and Society: Urbanization: urban population
65.54% (2024 est.)
Transnational Issues: Refugees and internally displaced persons: refugees
18,820 (2024 est.)
Transnational Issues: Refugees and internally displaced persons: stateless persons
423 (2024 est.)
Transportation: Airports
5 (2025)
Transportation: Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
4O
Transportation: Heliports
1 (2025)
Transportation: Merchant marine: by type
bulk carrier 4, other 14
Transportation: Merchant marine: total
18 (2023)
Transportation: Ports: key ports
Bar, Kotor, Risan, Tivat
Transportation: Ports: large
0
Transportation: Ports: medium
0
Transportation: Ports: ports with oil terminals
1
Transportation: Ports: small
1
Transportation: Ports: total ports
4 (2024)
Transportation: Ports: very small
3
Transportation: Railways: standard gauge
250 km (2017) 1.435-m gauge (224 km electrified)
Transportation: Railways: total
250 km (2017)
Warning: Some information might be outdated or incorrect, please check statistics before using(most of the economical stats are correct, its mostly the Population stats that are incorrect). Some dates are listed but some are missed, if you have any issues please report it to the Github at github.com.