Communications: Broadband - fixed subscriptions: subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
15 (2023 est.)
Communications: Broadband - fixed subscriptions: total
499,000 (2023 est.)
Communications: Broadcast media
state-run radio and TV provider is now a public-service provider; also available are 68 radio and 160 TV stations, including multi-channel satellite and cable TV providers; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available (2019)
Communications: Internet country code
.mn
Communications: Internet users: percent of population
85.12% (2024 est.)
Communications: Telephones - fixed lines: subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
15 (2023 est.)
Communications: Telephones - fixed lines: total subscriptions
524,000 (2023 est.)
Communications: Telephones - mobile cellular: subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
142 (2022 est.)
Communications: Telephones - mobile cellular: total subscriptions
4.84 million (2023 est.)
Economy: Agricultural products
milk, wheat, lamb/mutton, potatoes, beef, carrots/turnips, goat milk, goat meat, bison milk, horse meat (2023)
Economy: Budget: expenditures
$5.623 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Budget: revenues
$4.721 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2013
-$4.732 billion (2013 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2014
-$1.934 billion (2014 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2015
-$948.5 million (2015 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2016
-$699.7 million (2016 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2017
-$1.155 billion (2017 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2018
-$1.903 billion (2018 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2019
-$2.162 billion (2019 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2020
-$674.6 million (2020 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2021
-$2.108 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2022
-$2.303 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2023
$121.266 million (2023 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2024
-$2.485 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: Debt - external: Debt - external 2022
$33.701 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Debt - external: Debt - external 2023
$8.379 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates
3389.982 (2024 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Currency
togrog/tugriks (MNT) per US dollar -
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2013
1523.928 (2013 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2014
1817.939 (2014 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2015
1970.309 (2015 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2016
2140.291 (2016 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2017
2439.777 (2017 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2018
2472.484 (2018 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2019
2663.541 (2019 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2020
2813.290 (2020 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2021
2849.289 (2021 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2022
3140.678 (2022 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2023
3465.737 (2023 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2024
3389.982 (2024 est.)
Economy: Exports - commodities
coal, copper ore, gold, iron ore, crude petroleum (2023)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2011
$5.471 billion (2011 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2014
$6.388 billion (2014 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2015
$5.134 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2016
$5.688 billion (2016 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2017
$6.793 billion (2017 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2018
$7.665 billion (2018 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2019
$8.413 billion (2019 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2020
$7.676 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2021
$8.95 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2022
$10.989 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2023
$15.501 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2024
$16.351 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: exports of goods and services
69.1% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: government consumption
16.3% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption
49.8% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: imports of goods and services
-69.8% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: investment in fixed capital
26.8% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: investment in inventories
7.8% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture
7.4% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by sector of origin: industry
38.1% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by sector of origin: services
44.2% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - per capita (PPP)
$19,145 (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP (official exchange rate)
$23.586 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP (purchasing power parity) - real
$67.481 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2016
32.3 (2016 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018
32.7 (2018 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022
31.4 (2022 est.)
Economy: Household income or consumption by percentage share: highest 10%
24.6% (2022 est.)
Economy: Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%
3.4% (2022 est.)
Economy: Imports - commodities
cars, trucks, trailers, tractors, construction vehicles (2023)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2010
$4.074 billion (2010 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2015
$5.284 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2016
$5.611 billion (2016 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2017
$6.517 billion (2017 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2018
$8.986 billion (2018 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2019
$9.260 billion (2019 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2020
$7.346 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2021
$9.256 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2022
$12.112 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2023
$13.545 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2024
$16.592 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: Industrial production growth rate
6.5% (2024 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2015
5.74% (2015 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2016
0.73% (2016 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017
4.30% (2017 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018
6.82% (2018 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019
7.30% (2019 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020
3.72% (2020 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021
7.36% (2021 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022
15.15% (2022 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023
10.35% (2023 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024
6.20% (2024 est.)
Economy: Labor force
1.449 million (2024 est.)
Economy: Population below poverty line
27.10% (2022 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2018
65.97% (2018 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2019
60.84% (2019 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2020
73.94% (2020 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2021
67.57% (2021 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2014
$32.299 billion (2014 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2015
$31.656 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2016
$32.468 billion (2016 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017
$34.941 billion (2017 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019
$44.457 billion (2019 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020
$45.560 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021
$50.053 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022
$52.572 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023
$56.474 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024
$59.221 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2015
2.38% (2015 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2016
1.49% (2016 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2017
5.64% (2017 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2018
7.74% (2018 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2019
5.60% (2019 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2020
-4.56% (2020 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2021
1.64% (2021 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2022
5.03% (2022 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2023
7.42% (2023 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2024
5.12% (2024 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2014
$10,900 (2014 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2015
$10,458 (2015 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2016
$10,511 (2016 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2017
$11,096 (2017 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2019
$13,605 (2019 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2020
$13,693 (2020 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2021
$14,792 (2021 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2022
$16,402 (2022 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2023
$18,005 (2023 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2013
$257.1 million (2013 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2014
$255.1 million (2014 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2015
$260.9 million (2015 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2020
$548.8 million (2020 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2021
3.1% of GDP (2021 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2022
2.3% of GDP (2022 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2023
2.2% of GDP (2023 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2024
$527.7 million (2024 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2015
$1.322 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2016
$1.304 billion (2016 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2017
$3.017 billion (2017 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2018
$3.550 billion (2018 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2019
$4.364 billion (2019 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2020
$4.545 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021
$4.380 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022
$3.398 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023
$4.916 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024
$5.508 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: Taxes and other revenues
16.9% (of GDP) (2021 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2019
9.02% (2019 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2020
6.41% (2020 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2021
7.87% (2021 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2022
5.95% (2022 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2023
5.18% (2023 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2024
5.16% (2024 est.)
Economy: Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): female
10.8% (2024 est.)
Economy: Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): male
15.9% (2024 est.)
Economy: Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): total
13.8% (2024 est.)
Energy: Coal: consumption
8.941 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: exports
55.884 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: imports
900 metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: production
64.824 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: proven reserves
2.52 billion metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity access: electrification - total population
100% (2022 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: fossil fuels
90.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: hydroelectricity
0.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: solar
2.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: wind
6.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: consumption
8.997 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: exports
24 million kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: imports
2.224 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: installed generating capacity
1.51 million kW (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: transmission/distribution losses
1.113 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Energy consumption per capita: Total energy consumption per capita 2023
67.132 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
Energy: Petroleum: refined petroleum consumption
39,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Energy: Petroleum: total petroleum production
15,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: from coal and metallurgical coke
13.489 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: from petroleum and other liquids
5.714 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: total emissions
19.203 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Climate
desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)
Environment: Environmental issues
limited natural freshwater resources in some areas; air pollution from coal-burning power plants and lax regulations in Ulaanbaatar; soil erosion from deforestation and overgrazing; water pollution; desertification; effects from mining
Environment: International environmental agreements: party to
Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
Environment: International environmental agreements: signed, but not ratified
none of the selected agreements
Environment: Land use: agricultural land
69% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 0.7% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 0% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 68.2% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: forest
9.1% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: other
21.9% (2023 est.)
Environment: Methane emissions: agriculture
525.2 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Environment: Methane emissions: energy
532.2 kt (2022-2024 est.)
Environment: Methane emissions: other
2.9 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Environment: Methane emissions: waste
14.2 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Environment: Particulate matter emissions
41.3 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Environment: Total renewable water resources
34.8 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Environment: Total water withdrawal: agricultural
250.9 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
Environment: Total water withdrawal: industrial
166.2 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
Environment: Total water withdrawal: municipal
45.3 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
Environment: Urbanization: rate of urbanization
1.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Environment: Urbanization: urban population
70.96% (2024 est.)
Environment: Waste and recycling: municipal solid waste generated annually
2.9 million tons (2024 est.)
Environment: Waste and recycling: percent of municipal solid waste recycled
13% (2022 est.)
Geography: Area - comparative
slightly smaller than Alaska; more than twice the size of Texas
Geography: Area: land
1,553,556 sq km
Geography: Area: water
10,560 sq km
Geography: Coastline
0 km (landlocked)
Geography: Elevation: highest point
Nayramadlin Orgil (Khuiten Peak) 4,374 m
Geography: Elevation: lowest point
Hoh Nuur 560 m
Geography: Elevation: mean elevation
1,528 m
Geography: Geographic coordinates
46 00 N, 105 00 E
Geography: Geography - note
landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia
Geography: Irrigated land
796 sq km (2022)
Geography: Land boundaries: border countries
China 4,630 km; Russia 3,452 km
Geography: Land boundaries: total
8,082 km
Geography: Land use: agricultural land
69% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 0.7% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 0% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 68.2% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: forest
9.1% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: other
21.9% (2023 est.)
Geography: Major lakes (area sq km): fresh water lake(s)
Hovsgol Nuur - 2,620 sq km; Har Us Nuur - 1,760 sq km;
Geography: Major lakes (area sq km): salt water lake(s)
Uvs Nuur - 3,350 sq km; Hyargas Nuur - 1,360 sq km
Geography: Major rivers (by length in km)
Amur (shared with China [s] and Russia [m]) - 4,444 km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Geography: Map references
Asia
Geography: Maritime claims
none (landlocked)
Geography: Natural hazards
dust storms; grassland and forest fires; drought; "zud," which is harsh winter conditions
Geography: Population distribution
population sparsely distributed throughout the country; the capital of Ulaanbaatar and the northern city of Darhan support the highest population densities
Geography: Terrain
vast semidesert and desert plains, grassy steppe, mountains in west and southwest; Gobi Desert in south-central
Government: Administrative divisions
21 provinces ( aymguud , singular - aymag ) and 1 municipality* ( hot ); Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan-Uul, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan (Zavkhan), Govi-Altay, Govisumber, Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Orhon, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs
Government: Capital: daylight saving time
+1hr, begins last Saturday in March; ends last Saturday in September
Government: Capital: etymology
the name means "red hero" in Mongolian and honors national hero Damdin SUKHBAATAR, leader of the partisan army that, with Soviet help, liberated Mongolia from Chinese occupation in the early 1920s
Government: Capital: geographic coordinates
47 55 N, 106 55 E
Government: Capital: time difference
UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Government: Capital: time zone note
Mongolia has two time zones - Ulaanbaatar Time (8 hours in advance of UTC) and Hovd Time (7 hours in advance of UTC)
Government: Citizenship: citizenship by birth
no
Government: Citizenship: citizenship by descent only
both parents must be citizens of Mongolia; one parent if born within Mongolia
Government: Citizenship: dual citizenship recognized
no
Government: Citizenship: residency requirement for naturalization
5 years
Government: Constitution: amendment process
proposed by the State Great Hural, by the president of the republic, by the government, or by petition submitted to the State Great Hural by the Constitutional Court; conducting referenda on proposed amendments requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the State Great Hural; passage of amendments by the State Great Hural requires at least three-quarters majority vote; passage by referendum requires majority participation of qualified voters and a majority of votes
Government: Constitution: history
several previous; latest adopted 13 January 1992, effective 12 February 1992
Government: Country name: conventional short form
Mongolia
Government: Country name: etymology
name comes from the Mongol people, whose name derives from the Mongol root word mengu or mongu , meaning "brave" or "unconquered;" the Mongolian name Mongol Uls translates as "Mongol State"
Government: Country name: former
Outer Mongolia, Mongolian People's Republic
Government: Country name: local long form
none
Government: Country name: local short form
Mongol Uls
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission
Ambassador Richard L. BUANGAN (since November 2022)
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: email address and website
UlaanbaatarACS@state.gov https://mn.usembassy.gov/
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: embassy
Denver Street #3, 11th Micro-District, Ulaanbaatar 14190
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: FAX
[976] 7007-6174
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: mailing address
4410 Ulaanbaatar Place, Washington DC 20521-4410
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: telephone
[976] 7007-6001
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: chancery
2833 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission
Ambassador BATBAYAR Ulziidelger (since 1 December 2021)
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: consulate(s) general
New York, San Francisco
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: email address and website
washington@mfa.gov.mn http://mongolianembassy.us/
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: FAX
[1] (202) 298-9227
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: telephone
[1] (202) 333-7117
Government: Executive branch: cabinet
Cabinet directly appointed by the prime minister
Government: Executive branch: chief of state
President Ukhnaagiin KHURELSUKH (since 25 June 2021)
Government: Executive branch: election results
2021: Ukhnaagiin KHURELSUKH elected president in first round; percent of vote - Ukhnaagiin KHURELSUKH (MPP) 68%, Dangaasuren ENKHBAT (RPEC) 20.1%, Sodnomzundui ERDENE (DP) 6% 2017: Khaltmaa BATTULGA elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Khaltmaa BATTULGA (DP) 38.1%, Miyegombo ENKHBOLD (MPP) 30.3%, Sainkhuu GANBAATAR (MPRP) 30.2%, invalid 1.4%; percent of vote in second round - Khaltmaa BATTULGA 55.2%, Miyegombo ENKHBOLD 44.8%
Government: Executive branch: election/appointment process
presidential candidates nominated by political parties represented in the State Great Hural and directly elected by simple-majority popular vote for one 6-year term; following legislative elections, the State Great Hural usually elects the leader of the majority party or majority coalition as prime minister
Government: Executive branch: expected date of next election
2027
Government: Executive branch: head of government
Prime Minister Gombojavyn ZANDANSHATAR (since 13 June 2025)
Government: Executive branch: most recent election date
9 June 2021
Government: Flag
description: three equal vertical bands of red (left side), blue, and red; centered on the left-side red band is the national emblem in yellow, the soyombo, which is an abstract representation of fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol meaning: blue stands for the sky, and red for progress and prosperity
Government: International law organization participation
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Government: International organization participation
ADB, ARF, CD, CICA, CP, EBRD, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NAM, OPCW, OSCE, SCO (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Government: Judicial branch: highest court(s)
Supreme Court (consists of the Chief Justice and 24 judges organized into civil, criminal, and administrative chambers); Constitutional Court or Tsets (consists of the chairman and 8 members)
Government: Judicial branch: judge selection and term of office
Supreme Court chief justice and judges appointed by the president on recommendation of the General Council of Courts -- a 14-member body of judges and judicial officials -- to the State Great Hural; appointment is for life; chairman of the Constitutional Court elected from among its members; members appointed from nominations by the State Great Hural - 3 each by the president, the State Great Hural, and the Supreme Court; appointment is 6 years; chairmanship limited to a single renewable 3-year term
Government: Judicial branch: subordinate courts
aimag (provincial) and capital city appellate courts; soum, inter-soum, and district courts; Administrative Cases Courts
Government: Legal system
civil law system influenced by Soviet and Romano-Germanic systems; constitution ambiguous on judicial review of legislative acts
Government: Legislative branch: electoral system
mixed system
Government: Legislative branch: expected date of next election
June 2028
Government: Legislative branch: legislative structure
unicameral
Government: Legislative branch: legislature name
State Great Hural (Ulsiin Ih Hural)
Government: Legislative branch: most recent election date
6/28/2024
Government: Legislative branch: number of seats
126 (all directly elected)
Government: Legislative branch: parties elected and seats per party
Mongolian People's Party (MPP) (68); Democratic Party (DP) (42); HUN Party (8); Other (8)
Government: Legislative branch: percentage of women in chamber
25.4%
Government: Legislative branch: scope of elections
full renewal
Government: Legislative branch: term in office
4 years
Government: National anthem(s): history
music adopted 1950, lyrics adopted 2006; lyrics altered on numerous occasions
Government: National anthem(s): lyrics/music
Tsendiin DAMDINSUREN/Bilegiin DAMDINSUREN and Luvsanjamts MURJORJ
Government: National color(s)
red, blue, yellow
Government: National heritage: selected World Heritage Site locales
Uvs Nuur Basin (n); Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape (c); Petroglyphic Complexes of the Mongolian Altai (c); Great Burkhan Khaldun Mountain and surrounding sacred landscape (c); Landscapes of Dauria (n); Deer Stone Monuments and Related Bronze Age Sites (c)
Government: National heritage: total World Heritage Sites
6 (4 cultural, 2 natural)
Government: National holiday
Naadam (games) holiday, 11-15 July; Constitution Day, 26 November (1924)
Government: National symbol(s)
Soyombo character (from the Soyombo writing system)
Government: Political parties
Democratic Party or DP Mongolian People's Party or MPP National Coalition (consists of Mongolian Green Party or MGP and the Mongolian National Democratic Party or MNDP) National Labor Party or HUN Civil Will-Green Party or CWGP
Government: Suffrage
18 years of age; universal
Introduction: Background
The peoples of Mongolia have a long history under a number of nomadic empires dating back to the Xiongnu in the 4th century B.C., and the name Mongol goes back to at least the 11th century A.D. The most famous Mongol, TEMÜÜJIN (aka Genghis Khan), emerged as the ruler of all Mongols in the early 1200s. By the time of his death in 1227, he had created through conquest a Mongol Empire that extended across much of Eurasia. His descendants, including ÖGÖDEI and KHUBILAI (aka Kublai Khan), continued to conquer Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and the rest of China, where KHUBILAI established the Yuan Dynasty in the 1270s. The Mongols attempted to invade Japan and Java before their empire broke apart in the 14th century. In the 17th century, Mongolia fell under the rule of the Manchus of the Chinese Qing Dynasty. After Manchu rule collapsed in 1911, Mongolia declared independence, finally winning it in 1921 with help from the Soviet Union. Mongolia became a socialist state (the Mongolian People’s Republic) in 1924. Until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1989, Mongolia was a Soviet satellite state and relied heavily on economic, military, and political assistance from Moscow. The period was also marked by purges, political repression, economic stagnation, and tensions with China. Mongolia peacefully transitioned to an independent democracy in 1990. In 1992, it adopted a new constitution and established a free-market economy. Since the country's transition, it has conducted a series of successful presidential and legislative elections. Throughout the period, the ex-communist Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party -- which took the name Mongolian People’s Party (MPP) in 2010 -- has competed for political power with the Democratic Party and several other smaller parties. For most of its democratic history, Mongolia has had a divided government, with the presidency and the parliamentary majority held by different parties but that changed in 2021, when the MPP won the presidency after having secured a supermajority in parliament in 2020. Mongolia’s June 2021 presidential election delivered a decisive victory for MPP candidate Ukhnaagiin KHURELSUKH. Mongolia maintains close cultural, political, and military ties with Russia, while China is its largest economic partner. Mongolia’s foreign relations are focused on preserving its autonomy by balancing relations with China and Russia, as well as its other major partners, Japan, South Korea, and the US.
Military and Security: Military - note
the Mongolian Armed Forces (MAF) are responsible for ensuring the country's independence, security, and territorial integrity, as well as supporting Mongolia's developmental goals and diplomacy; it has a range of missions, including counterterrorism, international peacekeeping duties, and assisting the internal security forces in providing emergency aid and disaster relief; Mongolia hosts an annual international peacekeeping exercise known as “Khaan Quest”; it has no formal military alliances, but has defense ties and conducts training exercises with several regional countries and others, such as China, India, Russia, and the US Mongolia actively cooperates with NATO on issues such as counterterrorism, nonproliferation, and cybersecurity through an Individual Partnership and Cooperation Program; it supported the NATO-led Kosovo Force from 2005-2007 and contributed troops to the NATO-led missions in Afghanistan from 2009-2021; Mongolia also is an observer in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (2025)
Military and Security: Military and security forces
Mongolian Armed Forces (MAF): Land Force, Air Force, Cyber Security Forces, Special Forces, Construction-Engineering Forces (2025)
Military and Security: Military and security service personnel strengths
information varies; estimated 10-20,000 active Mongolian Armed Forces (2025)
Military and Security: Military deployments
850 South Sudan (UNMISS) (2025)
Military and Security: Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the MAF's inventory is comprised largely of Soviet-era and secondhand Russian equipment (2025)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2015
0.88% (2015 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2016
0.86% (2016 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2017
0.76% (2017 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2018
0.67% (2018 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2019
0.66% (2019 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2020
0.71% (2020 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2021
0.62% (2021 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2022
0.51% (2022 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2023
0.54% (2023 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2024
0.74% (2024 est.)
Military and Security: Military service age and obligation
18-25 years of age for voluntary service for men and women; initial service 24 months; compulsory service for men at 18; service obligation is 12 months in the military or police, which can be extended to 15 months under special circumstances; compulsory service can be exchanged for a 24‐month stint in the civil service or a cash payment determined by the Mongolian Government; after conscription, soldiers can contract into military service for up to 4 years (2025)
People and Society: Age structure: 0-14 years
25.7% (male 429,867/female 412,943)
People and Society: Age structure: 15-64 years
68.4% (male 1,087,487/female 1,156,547)
People and Society: Age structure: 65 years and over
5.9% (2024 est.) (male 78,242/female 116,590)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: beer
2.18 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: other alcohols
0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: spirits
1.82 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: total
5.46 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: wine
1.46 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Birth rate
18.01 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
People and Society: Child marriage: men married by age 18
2.1% (2018)
People and Society: Child marriage: women married by age 15
0.9% (2018)
People and Society: Child marriage: women married by age 18
12% (2018)
People and Society: Children under the age of 5 years underweight
1.9% (2023 est.)
People and Society: Current health expenditure
6.07% (2023 est.)
People and Society: Currently married women (ages 15-49)
60.2% (2020 est.)
People and Society: Death rate
5.35 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: elderly dependency ratio
8.9 (2024 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: potential support ratio
11.2 (2024 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio
59.1 (2024 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: youth dependency ratio
50.2 (2024 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: improved: rural
rural: 59.7% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: improved: total
total: 83.5% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: improved: urban
urban: 94.2% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: unimproved: rural
rural: 40.3% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: unimproved: total
total: 16.5% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: unimproved: urban
urban: 5.8% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Education expenditure: Education expenditure (% GDP)
3.7% of GDP (2023 est.)
People and Society: Education expenditure: Education expenditure (% national budget)
13.8% national budget (2024 est.)
People and Society: Education expenditures
5.21% (2024 est.)
People and Society: Ethnic groups
Khalkh 83.8%, Kazak 3.8%, Durvud 2.6%, Bayad 2%, Buriad 1.4%, Zakhchin 1.2%, Dariganga 1.1%, other 4.1% (2020 est.)
People and Society: Gross reproduction rate
1.27 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Health expenditure: Health expenditure (as % of GDP)
6.9% of GDP (2021)
People and Society: Health expenditure: Health expenditure (as % of national budget)
9.2% of national budget (2022 est.)
People and Society: HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate
0.10% (2024 est.)
People and Society: Hospital bed density
8.6 beds/1,000 population (2023 est.)
People and Society: Infant mortality rate: female
16.2 deaths/1,000 live births
People and Society: Infant mortality rate: male
22.4 deaths/1,000 live births
People and Society: Infant mortality rate: total
8.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
People and Society: Languages: Languages
Mongolian 90% (official, Khalkha dialect is predominant), Turkic, Russian (1999)
People and Society: Languages: major-language sample(s)
Дэлхийн баримтат ном, үндсэн мэдээллийн зайлшгүй эх сурвалж. (Mongolian) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
People and Society: Life expectancy at birth: female
77.1 years (2024 est.)
People and Society: Life expectancy at birth: male
67.9 years (2024 est.)
People and Society: Literacy: female
98.9% (2023 est.)
People and Society: Literacy: male
98.3% (2023 est.)
People and Society: Literacy: total population
98.64% (2024 est.)
People and Society: Major urban areas - population
1.673 million ULAANBAATAR (capital) (2023)
People and Society: Maternal mortality ratio
41 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
People and Society: Median age: female
32.8 years
People and Society: Median age: male
30.1 years
People and Society: Mother's mean age at first birth
20.5 years (2008 est.)
People and Society: Nationality: adjective
Mongolian
People and Society: Net migration rate
-1.83 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
People and Society: Obesity - adult prevalence rate
20.6% (2016)
People and Society: Physician density
4.13 physicians/1,000 population (2022)
People and Society: Population
3,524,788 (2024 est.)
People and Society: Population distribution
population sparsely distributed throughout the country; the capital of Ulaanbaatar and the northern city of Darhan support the highest population densities
People and Society: Population growth rate
1.25% (2024 est.)
People and Society: Population: female
1,686,080
People and Society: Population: male
1,595,596
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: improved: rural
rural: 78.7% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: improved: total
total: 91.9% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: improved: urban
urban: 97.8% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: unimproved: rural
rural: 21.3% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: unimproved: total
total: 8.1% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: unimproved: urban
urban: 2.2% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): female
14 years (2023 est.)
People and Society: School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): male
13 years (2023 est.)
People and Society: School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total
14 years (2023 est.)
People and Society: Sex ratio: 0-14 years
1.04 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: 15-64 years
0.94 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: 65 years and over
0.67 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: at birth
1.05 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: total population
0.95 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
People and Society: Tobacco use: female
7.2% (2025 est.)
People and Society: Tobacco use: male
51.9% (2025 est.)
People and Society: Tobacco use: total
28.9% (2025 est.)
People and Society: Total fertility rate
2.50 children born/woman (2024 est.)
People and Society: Urbanization: rate of urbanization
1.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
People and Society: Urbanization: urban population
70.96% (2024 est.)
Transnational Issues: Refugees and internally displaced persons: IDPs
22 (2024 est.)
Transnational Issues: Refugees and internally displaced persons: refugees
26 (2024 est.)
Transnational Issues: Refugees and internally displaced persons: stateless persons
17 (2024 est.)
Transportation: Airports
37 (2025)
Transportation: Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
JU
Transportation: Merchant marine: by type
bulk carrier 8, container ship 8, general cargo 151, oil tanker 58, other 93
Transportation: Merchant marine: total
318 (2023)
Transportation: Railways: broad gauge
1,815 km (2017) 1.520-m gauge
Transportation: Railways: total
1,815 km (2017)
Warning: Some information might be outdated or incorrect, please check statistics before using(most of the economical stats are correct, its mostly the Population stats that are incorrect). Some dates are listed but some are missed, if you have any issues please report it to the Github at github.com.