Communications: Broadband - fixed subscriptions: subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
38 (2022 est.)
Communications: Broadband - fixed subscriptions: total
250,000 (2022 est.)
Communications: Broadcast media
long national tradition of operating radio and TV services for pan-European audiences; home to Europe's largest privately owned broadcast media group, the RTL Group, which operates 46 TV stations and 29 radio stations in Europe; also home to Europe's largest satellite operator, Société Européenne des Satellites (SES); domestically, the RTL Group operates TV and radio networks; other domestic private radio and TV operators and French and German stations available; satellite and cable TV services available
Communications: Internet country code
.lu
Communications: Internet users: percent of population
99.13% (2025 est.)
Communications: Telephones - fixed lines: subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
40 (2022 est.)
Communications: Telephones - fixed lines: total subscriptions
260,000 (2022 est.)
Communications: Telephones - mobile cellular: subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
137 (2021 est.)
Communications: Telephones - mobile cellular: total subscriptions
961,000 (2023 est.)
Economy: Agricultural products
milk, wheat, barley, triticale, potatoes, pork, grapes, beef, rye, rapeseed (2023)
Economy: Budget: expenditures
$38.263 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Budget: revenues
$37.951 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2013
$3.393 billion (2013 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2014
$3.391 billion (2014 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2015
$3.377 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2016
$4.613 billion (2016 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2017
$4.061 billion (2017 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2018
$5.914 billion (2018 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2019
$6.024 billion (2019 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2020
$3.592 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2021
$4.312 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2022
$7.509 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2023
$9.861 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2024
$12.877 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates
0.923890 (2024 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Currency
euros (EUR) per US dollar -
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2013
0.752945 (2013 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2014
0.752728 (2014 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2015
0.901296 (2015 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2016
0.903421 (2016 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2017
0.885206 (2017 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2018
0.846773 (2018 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2019
0.893276 (2019 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2020
0.875506 (2020 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2021
0.845494 (2021 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2022
0.949624 (2022 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2023
0.924840 (2023 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2024
0.923890 (2024 est.)
Economy: Exports - commodities
iron blocks, gas turbines, plastic products, rubber tires, plastics (2023)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2011
$104.568 billion (2011 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2014
$125.763 billion (2014 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2015
$115.239 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2016
$118.896 billion (2016 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2017
$126.659 billion (2017 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2018
$140.194 billion (2018 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2019
$144.342 billion (2019 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2020
$150.610 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2021
$186.266 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2022
$184.53 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2023
$195.294 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2024
$202.203 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: exports of goods and services
217.8% (2023 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: government consumption
18.6% (2023 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption
31.6% (2023 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: imports of goods and services
-186.7% (2023 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: investment in fixed capital
16.1% (2023 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: investment in inventories
1.3% (2023 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture
0.2% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by sector of origin: industry
9% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by sector of origin: services
81.9% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - per capita (PPP)
$155,941 (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP (official exchange rate)
$93.197 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP (purchasing power parity) - real
$105.574 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2015
32.9 (2015 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2016
31.7 (2016 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017
34.5 (2017 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018
35.4 (2018 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2019
34.2 (2019 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2020
33.4 (2020 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2021
32.7 (2021 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022
34.1 (2022 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2023
33.6 (2023 est.)
Economy: Household income or consumption by percentage share: highest 10%
25.6% (2022 est.)
Economy: Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%
2.9% (2022 est.)
Economy: Imports - commodities
cars, refined petroleum, electricity, plastic products, gas turbines (2023)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2010
$73.619 billion (2010 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2015
$95.692 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2016
$97.891 billion (2016 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2017
$105.827 billion (2017 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2018
$117.041 billion (2018 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2019
$123.031 billion (2019 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2020
$126.083 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2021
$157.127 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2022
$149.751 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2023
$156.818 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2024
$160.032 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: Industrial production growth rate
-1.1% (2024 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2015
0.47% (2015 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2016
0.29% (2016 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017
1.73% (2017 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018
1.53% (2018 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019
1.74% (2019 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020
0.82% (2020 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021
2.53% (2021 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022
6.34% (2022 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023
3.74% (2023 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024
2.05% (2024 est.)
Economy: Labor force
350,000 (2024 est.)
Economy: Population below poverty line
17.30% (2021 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2017
23% of GDP (2017 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2014
$58.578 billion (2014 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2015
$61.437 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2016
$65.980 billion (2016 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017
$68.570 billion (2017 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019
$75.251 billion (2019 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020
$76.953 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021
$87.543 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022
$86.584 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023
$85.984 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024
$86.871 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2015
2.27% (2015 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2016
4.98% (2016 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2017
1.32% (2017 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2018
1.61% (2018 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2019
2.75% (2019 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2020
-0.51% (2020 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2021
6.93% (2021 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2022
-1.10% (2022 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2023
-0.7% (2023 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2024
1% (2024 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2014
$105,296 (2014 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2015
$107,860 (2015 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2016
$113,365 (2016 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2017
$114,986 (2017 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2019
$121,372 (2019 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2020
$122,067 (2020 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2021
$136,772 (2021 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2022
$146,919 (2022 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2023
$150,508 (2023 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2013
$1.922 billion (2013 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2014
$1.888 billion (2014 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2015
$1.675 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2020
$2.329 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2021
$2.451 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2022
2.8% of GDP (2022 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2023
2.8% of GDP (2023 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2024
2.6% of GDP (2024 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2015
$770.7 million (2015 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2016
$973.2 million (2016 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2017
$878.1 million (2017 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2018
$938.9 million (2018 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2019
$1.055 billion (2019 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2020
$1.119 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021
$2.921 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022
$2.874 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023
$2.977 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024
$2.789 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: Taxes and other revenues
27.2% (of GDP) (2023 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2019
5.59% (2019 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2020
6.77% (2020 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2021
5.57% (2021 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2022
4.59% (2022 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2023
5.18% (2023 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2024
6.40% (2024 est.)
Economy: Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): female
24.2% (2024 est.)
Economy: Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): male
16.9% (2024 est.)
Economy: Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): total
20.2% (2024 est.)
Energy: Coal: consumption
34,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: exports
30.2 metric tons (2022 est.)
Energy: Coal: imports
34,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity access: electrification - total population
100% (2022 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: biomass and waste
32.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: fossil fuels
10.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: hydroelectricity
-35.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) note: Luxembourg has negative net hydroelectric power generation based on losses from use of pumped storage hydropower
Energy: Electricity generation sources: solar
37.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: wind
55.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: consumption
5.87 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: exports
1.188 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: imports
6.39 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: installed generating capacity
2.212 million kW (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: transmission/distribution losses
141.867 million kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Energy consumption per capita: Total energy consumption per capita 2023
224.651 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: consumption
556.63 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: imports
552.714 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
Energy: Petroleum: refined petroleum consumption
51,000 bbl/day (2024 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: from coal and metallurgical coke
75,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: from consumed natural gas
1.144 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: from petroleum and other liquids
7.496 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: total emissions
8.715 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Climate
modified continental with mild winters, cool summers
Environment: Environmental issues
air and water pollution in urban areas; soil pollution of farmland
Environment: Geoparks: global geoparks and regional networks
Mëllerdall (2023)
Environment: Geoparks: total global geoparks and regional networks
1
Environment: International environmental agreements: party to
Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
Environment: International environmental agreements: signed, but not ratified
Environmental Modification
Environment: Land use: agricultural land
51.7% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 23.8% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 0.6% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 27.1% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: forest
34.5% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: other
13.9% (2023 est.)
Environment: Particulate matter emissions
9.2 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Environment: Total renewable water resources
3.5 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Environment: Total water withdrawal: agricultural
490,000 cubic meters (2022 est.)
Environment: Total water withdrawal: industrial
1.83 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
Environment: Total water withdrawal: municipal
43.53 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
Environment: Urbanization: rate of urbanization
1.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Environment: Urbanization: urban population
94.84% (2024 est.)
Environment: Waste and recycling: municipal solid waste generated annually
490,300 tons (2024 est.)
Environment: Waste and recycling: percent of municipal solid waste recycled
42% (2022 est.)
Geography: Area - comparative
slightly smaller than Rhode Island; about half the size of Delaware
Geography: Area: land
2,586 sq km
Geography: Area: water
0 sq km
Geography: Coastline
0 km (landlocked)
Geography: Elevation: highest point
Buurgplaatz 559 m
Geography: Elevation: lowest point
Moselle River 133 m
Geography: Elevation: mean elevation
325 m
Geography: Geographic coordinates
49 45 N, 6 10 E
Geography: Geography - note
landlocked
Geography: Irrigated land
0 sq km (2012)
Geography: Land boundaries: border countries
Belgium 130 km; France 69 km; Germany 128 km
Geography: Land boundaries: total
327 km
Geography: Land use: agricultural land
51.7% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 23.8% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 0.6% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 27.1% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: forest
34.5% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: other
13.9% (2023 est.)
Geography: Major watersheds (area sq km): Atlantic Ocean drainage
Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km)
Geography: Map references
Europe
Geography: Maritime claims
none (landlocked)
Geography: Natural hazards
occasional flooding
Geography: Population distribution
most people live in the south, on or near the border with France
Geography: Terrain
mostly gently rolling uplands with broad, shallow valleys; uplands to slightly mountainous in the north; steep slope down to Moselle flood plain in the southeast
Government: Administrative divisions
12 cantons; Capellen, Clervaux, Diekirch, Echternach, Esch-sur-Alzette, Grevenmacher, Luxembourg, Mersch, Redange, Remich, Vianden, Wiltz
Government: Capital: daylight saving time
+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Government: Capital: etymology
probably derived from an early Celtic or Germanic form of the name, Lucilinburhuc, that was thought to mean "little fortress;" the name first referred to the city and was later used for the country
Government: Capital: geographic coordinates
49 36 N, 6 07 E
Government: Capital: time difference
UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Government: Citizenship: citizenship by birth
limited to situations where the parents are either unknown, stateless, or when the nationality law of the parents' state of origin does not permit acquisition of citizenship by descent when the birth occurs outside of national territory
Government: Citizenship: citizenship by descent only
at least one parent must be a citizen of Luxembourg
Government: Citizenship: dual citizenship recognized
yes
Government: Citizenship: residency requirement for naturalization
7 years
Government: Constitution: amendment process
proposed by the Chamber of Deputies or by the monarch to the Chamber; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Chamber in two successive readings three months apart; a referendum can be substituted for the second reading if approved by more than a quarter of the Chamber members or by 25,000 valid voters; adoption by referendum requires a majority of all valid voters
Government: Constitution: history
previous 1842 (heavily amended 1848, 1856); latest effective 17 October 1868
Government: Country name: conventional short form
Luxembourg
Government: Country name: etymology
probably derived from an early Celtic or Germanic form of the name, Lucilinburhuc, that was thought to mean "little fortress;" the name first referred to the city and was later used for the country
Government: Country name: local long form
Grand Duché de Luxembourg
Government: Country name: local short form
Luxembourg
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission
Ambassador Stacey FEINBERG (since 13 November 2025)
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: email address and website
Luxembourgconsular@state.gov https://lu.usembassy.gov/
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: embassy
22 Boulevard Emmanuel Servais, L-2535 Luxembourg City
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: FAX
[352] 46-14-01
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: mailing address
5380 Luxembourg Place, Washington DC 20521-5380
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: telephone
[352] 46-01-23-00
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: chancery
2200 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission
Ambassador Nicole BINTNER-BAKSHIAN (since 15 August 2021)
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: consulate(s) general
New York, San Francisco
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: email address and website
washington.amb@mae.etat.lu https://washington.mae.lu/en.html
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: FAX
[1] (202) 328-8270
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: telephone
[1] (202) 265-4171
Government: Executive branch: cabinet
Council of Ministers recommended by the prime minister, appointed by the monarch
Government: Executive branch: chief of state
Grand Duke GUILLAUME (since 3 October 2025)
Government: Executive branch: election/appointment process
the monarchy is hereditary; following elections to the Chamber of Deputies, monarch usually appoints the leader of the majority party or majority coalition as prime minister; deputy prime minister also appointed by the monarch; prime minister and deputy prime minister are responsible to the Chamber of Deputies
Government: Executive branch: head of government
Prime Minister Luc FRIEDEN (since 17 November 2023)
Government: Flag
description: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and light blue history: the colors are derived from the Grand Duke's coat of arms
Government: International law organization participation
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Government: International organization participation
ADB (nonregional member), Australia Group, Benelux, BIS, CD, CE, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Government: Judicial branch: highest court(s)
Supreme Court of Justice includes Court of Appeal and Court of Cassation (consists of 27 judges on 9 benches); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members)
Government: Judicial branch: judge selection and term of office
judges of both courts appointed by the monarch for life
Government: Judicial branch: subordinate courts
Court of Accounts; district and local tribunals and courts
Government: Legal system
civil law system
Government: Legislative branch: electoral system
proportional representation
Government: Legislative branch: expected date of next election
October 2028
Government: Legislative branch: legislative structure
unicameral
Government: Legislative branch: legislature name
Chamber of Deputies (Chambre des députés)
Government: Legislative branch: most recent election date
10/8/2023
Government: Legislative branch: number of seats
60 (all directly elected)
Government: Legislative branch: parties elected and seats per party
Christian Social People's Party (CSV) (21); Democratic Party (PD/DP) (14); Socialist Workers' Party (POSL/LSAP) (11); Alternative Democratic Reform Party (ADR) (5); Greens (DEI GRÉNG) (4); Pirate Party (PIRATEN) (3); Other (2)
Government: Legislative branch: percentage of women in chamber
35%
Government: Legislative branch: scope of elections
full renewal
Government: Legislative branch: term in office
5 years
Government: National anthem(s): history
adopted 1919; royal anthem, for use when members of the grand ducal family enter or exit a ceremony in Luxembourg
Government: National anthem(s): lyrics/music
Nikolaus WELTER
Government: National color(s)
red, white, light blue
Government: National heritage: selected World Heritage Site locales
Luxembourg City Old Quarters and Fortifications
Government: National heritage: total World Heritage Sites
1 (cultural)
Government: National holiday
National Day (birthday of Grand Duke HENRI), 23 June
Government: National symbol(s)
red rampant lion
Government: Political parties
Alternative Democratic Reform Party or ADR Christian Social People's Party or CSV Democratic Party or DP Green Party Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party or LSAP Pirate Party The Left (dei Lenk/la Gauche)
Government: Suffrage
18 years of age; universal and compulsory
Introduction: Background
Founded in 963, Luxembourg became a grand duchy in 1815 and a constituent part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands after the Congress of Vienna. When Belgium declared independence from the Netherlands in 1839, Luxembourg lost more than half of its territory to Belgium but gained a larger measure of autonomy within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Luxembourg gained full independence in 1867 by promising to remain permanently neutral. Overrun by Germany in both world wars, its neutrality ended in 1948 when it entered into the Benelux Customs Union and joined NATO the following year. In 1957, Luxembourg became one of the six founding countries of the EEC (later the EU), and in 1999 it joined the euro currency zone.
Military and Security: Military - note
founded in 1881, the Luxembourg Army is responsible for the defense of the country and fulfilling the Grand Duchy’s commitments to NATO, European security, and international peacekeeping, as well as providing support to civil authorities in the event of emergencies, such as floods or disease outbreaks; the Army is an active participant in EU, NATO, and UN missions and has contributed small numbers of troops to a number of multinational operations in parts of Africa, Europe, and Asia; it trains and exercises regularly with EU and NATO partners and has contributed to the NATO battlegroup forward deployed in Lithuania since 2017; Luxembourg was one of the original 12 countries to sign the North Atlantic Treaty (also known as the Washington Treaty) establishing NATO in 1949 in 2015, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg signed an agreement to conduct joint air policing of their territories; under the agreement, which went into effect in January 2017, the Belgian and Dutch Air Forces trade responsibility for patrolling the skies over the three countries (2025)
Military and Security: Military and security forces
Luxembourg Army (l'Armée Luxembourgeoise) (2025)
Military and Security: Military and security service personnel strengths
approximately 900 active military personnel (2025)
Military and Security: Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the Luxembourg Army has a small mix of Western origin equipment (2025)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2015
0.42% (2015 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2016
0.38% (2016 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2017
0.50% (2017 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2018
0.50% (2018 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2019
0.55% (2019 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2020
0.58% (2020 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2021
0.47% (2021 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2022
0.63% (2022 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2023
0.77% (2023 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2024
0.96% (2024 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2025
2% of GDP (2025 est.)
Military and Security: Military service age and obligation
18-26 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; no conscription (abolished 1969) (2025)
People and Society: Age structure: 0-14 years
16.7% (male 57,921/female 54,484)
People and Society: Age structure: 15-64 years
67.1% (male 231,214/female 219,497)
People and Society: Age structure: 65 years and over
16.1% (2024 est.) (male 49,567/female 58,571)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: beer
4.04 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: other alcohols
0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: spirits
2.14 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: total
11 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: wine
4.73 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Birth rate
9.24 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
People and Society: Current health expenditure
5.89% (2024 est.)
People and Society: Currently married women (ages 15-49)
51.1% (2022 est.)
People and Society: Death rate
6.66 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: elderly dependency ratio
23.4 (2024 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: potential support ratio
4.3 (2024 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio
46.6 (2024 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: youth dependency ratio
23.2 (2024 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: improved: rural
rural: 98.6% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: improved: total
total: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: improved: urban
urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: unimproved: rural
rural: 1.4% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: unimproved: total
total: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: unimproved: urban
urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Education expenditure: Education expenditure (% GDP)
3.7% of GDP (2022 est.)
People and Society: Education expenditure: Education expenditure (% national budget)
8.5% national budget (2022 est.)
People and Society: Education expenditures
3.74% (2022 est.)
People and Society: Ethnic groups
Luxembourger 52.9%, Portuguese 14.5%, French 7.6%, Italian 3.7%, Belgian 3%, German 2%, Spanish 1.3%, Romania 1%, other 14% (2022 est.)
People and Society: Gross reproduction rate
0.62 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Health expenditure: Health expenditure (as % of GDP)
5.5% of GDP (2022)
People and Society: Health expenditure: Health expenditure (as % of national budget)
11% of national budget (2022 est.)
People and Society: HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate
0.30% (2024 est.)
People and Society: Hospital bed density
4.0 beds/1,000 population (2023 est.)
People and Society: Infant mortality rate: female
2.8 deaths/1,000 live births
People and Society: Infant mortality rate: male
3.6 deaths/1,000 live births
People and Society: Infant mortality rate: total
3.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
People and Society: Life expectancy at birth: female
85.5 years (2024 est.)
People and Society: Life expectancy at birth: male
81.0 years (2024 est.)
People and Society: Major urban areas - population
120,000 LUXEMBOURG (capital) (2018)
People and Society: Maternal mortality ratio
11 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
People and Society: Median age: female
40.4 years
People and Society: Median age: male
39.4 years
People and Society: Mother's mean age at first birth
31 years (2020 est.)
People and Society: Nationality: adjective
Luxembourg
People and Society: Net migration rate
10.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
People and Society: Obesity - adult prevalence rate
22.6% (2016)
People and Society: Physician density
2.98 physicians/1,000 population (2017)
People and Society: Population
677,012 (2024 est.)
People and Society: Population distribution
most people live in the south, on or near the border with France
People and Society: Population growth rate
1.58% (2024 est.)
People and Society: Population: female
332,552
People and Society: Population: male
338,702
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: improved: rural
rural: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: improved: total
total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: improved: urban
urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: unimproved: rural
rural: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: unimproved: total
total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: unimproved: urban
urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): female
15 years (2022 est.)
People and Society: School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): male
14 years (2022 est.)
People and Society: School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total
14 years (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sex ratio: 0-14 years
1.06 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: 15-64 years
1.05 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: 65 years and over
0.85 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: at birth
1.06 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: total population
1.02 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
People and Society: Tobacco use: female
19.9% (2025 est.)
People and Society: Tobacco use: male
22.1% (2025 est.)
People and Society: Tobacco use: total
21% (2025 est.)
People and Society: Total fertility rate
1.25 children born/woman (2024 est.)
People and Society: Urbanization: rate of urbanization
1.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
People and Society: Urbanization: urban population
94.84% (2024 est.)
Space: Key space-program milestones
1980s - began creating a satellite telecommunications infrastructure for Europe 2014 - first privately built probe to successfully fly by the Moon (launched by China) 2018 - developed communications satellite (GOVSAT-1) to support the EU’s secure communications and space situational awareness program (GOVSATCOM) 2020 - signed US-led Artemis Accords for space exploration and agreed to join the Moon exploration mission 2021 - launched Luxembourg’s Quantum Communications Infrastructure project (LuxQCI) in support of the EU’s Quantum Communications Infrastructure (EuroQCI) 2025 - launched the Luxembourg Earth Observation System (LUXEOSys) satellite, part of a national space-based remote sensing program
Space: Space agency/agencies
the Luxembourg Space Agency (LSA; established 2018) (2025)
Space: Space program overview
Luxembourg Space Agency was established in 2018 to develop space policy, encourage and coordinate commercial space ventures, support space education, and promote the country’s space-related capabilities internationally; has a national space strategy; has set up policy and funding initiatives (such as LuxIMPULSE) to encourage research, development, innovation, and entrepreneurship and attract space-based industries; focuses on developing commercial satellites and infrastructure, as well as other capabilities and technologies; hosts some of the largest commercial satellite companies in the world; member of the ESA since 2005 and participates in a variety of ESA programs; cooperates bilaterally with individual ESA and EU member states; also works with other foreign space agencies and industries, including those of Canada, China, Japan, New Zealand, South Korea, the UAE, and the US (2025)
Transnational Issues: Refugees and internally displaced persons: refugees
14,344 (2024 est.)
Transnational Issues: Refugees and internally displaced persons: stateless persons
85 (2024 est.)
Transportation: Airports
3 (2025)
Transportation: Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
LX
Transportation: Heliports
11 (2025)
Transportation: Merchant marine: by type
bulk carrier 3, container ship 1, general cargo 24, oil tanker 4, other 115
Transportation: Merchant marine: total
147 (2023)
Transportation: Railways: total
271 km (2020) 262 km electrified
Warning: Some information might be outdated or incorrect, please check statistics before using(most of the economical stats are correct, its mostly the Population stats that are incorrect). Some dates are listed but some are missed, if you have any issues please report it to the Github at github.com.