Communications: Broadband - fixed subscriptions: subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
4.92 (2024, World Bank)
Communications: Broadband - fixed subscriptions: total
13.5 million (2023 est.)
Communications: Broadcast media
mix of about a dozen national TV networks, including 1 public broadcaster and the rest private; more than 100 local TV stations; widespread use of satellite and cable TV systems; public radio broadcaster operates 6 national networks, as well as regional and local stations; more than 700 radio stations, with over 650 privately operated (2019)
Communications: Internet country code
.id
Communications: Internet users: percent of population
72.8% (2024, World Bank)
Communications: Telephones - fixed lines: subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
1.64 (2024, World Bank)
Communications: Telephones - fixed lines: total subscriptions
9.16 million (2023 est.)
Communications: Telephones - mobile cellular: subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
122.51 (2024, World Bank)
Communications: Telephones - mobile cellular: total subscriptions
347 million (2024 est.)
Economy: Agricultural products
oil palm fruit, rice, sugarcane, maize, coconuts, cassava, bananas, eggs, chicken, mangoes/guavas (2023)
Economy: Average household expenditures: on alcohol and tobacco
7.3% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Economy: Average household expenditures: on food
33.5% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Economy: Budget: expenditures
$204.739 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Budget: revenues
$182.658 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2022
$13.215 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2023
-$2.042 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2024
$-1.522 billion (2025, World Bank)
Economy: Debt - external: Debt - external 2023
$421.059 billion (2024, World Bank)
Economy: Exchange rates: Currency
Indonesian rupiah (IDR) per US dollar -
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2020
14,582.203 (2020 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2021
14,308.144 (2021 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2022
14,849.854 (2022 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2023
15,236.885 (2023 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2024
15,855.448 (2024 est.)
Economy: Exports - commodities
coal, palm oil, iron alloys, lignite, garments (2023)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2022
$315.746 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2023
$291.287 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2024
$330.279 billion (2025, World Bank)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: exports of goods and services
22.8% (2025, World Bank)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: government consumption
7.5% (2025, World Bank)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption
55.2% (2025, World Bank)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: imports of goods and services
20.5% (2025, World Bank)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: investment in fixed capital
28.8% (2025, World Bank)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: investment in inventories
2.3% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture
13.1% (2025, World Bank)
Economy: GDP - composition, by sector of origin: industry
38.7% (2025, World Bank)
Economy: GDP - composition, by sector of origin: services
43.9% (2025, World Bank)
Economy: GDP - per capita (PPP)
$17,660 (2025, World Bank)
Economy: GDP (official exchange rate)
$1.446 trillion (2025, World Bank)
Economy: GDP (purchasing power parity) - real
$4.312 trillion (2025, World Bank)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2024
34.40 (2025, World Bank)
Economy: Household income or consumption by percentage share: highest 10%
28.7% (2025, World Bank)
Economy: Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%
3.5% (2025, World Bank)
Economy: Imports - commodities
refined petroleum, crude petroleum, plastics, vehicle parts/accessories, integrated circuits (2023)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2022
$273.031 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2023
$262.694 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2024
$297.002 billion (2025, World Bank)
Economy: Industrial production growth rate
5.2% (2024 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021
1.6% (2021 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022
4.2% (2022 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023
3.7% (2023 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024
1.9% (2025, World Bank)
Economy: Labor force
147,104,597 (2025, World Bank)
Economy: Population below poverty line
9.0% (2024, World Bank)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2022
45.34% of GDP (2022 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2023
30.0% of GDP (2009, World Bank)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022
$3.718 trillion (2022 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023
$3.906 trillion (2023 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024
$4.312 trillion (2025, World Bank)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2022
5.3% (2022 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2023
5% (2023 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2024
5.1% (2025, World Bank)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2022
$13,300 (2022 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2023
$13,900 (2023 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2022
1% of GDP (2022 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2023
1.1% of GDP (2023 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2024
1.2% of GDP (2025, World Bank)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022
$137.222 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023
$146.359 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024
$156.543 billion (2025, World Bank)
Economy: Taxes and other revenues
15.1% of GDP (2009, World Bank)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2022
3.5% (2022 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2023
3.4% (2023 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2024
3.2% (2025, World Bank)
Economy: Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): female
12.7% (2025, World Bank)
Economy: Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): male
13.1% (2025, World Bank)
Economy: Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): total
13.0% (2025, World Bank)
Energy: Coal: consumption
281.159 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: exports
519.23 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: imports
16.935 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: production
783.453 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: proven reserves
35.055 billion metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity access: electrification - rural areas
99.7% (2024, World Bank)
Energy: Electricity access: electrification - total population
99.9% (2024, World Bank)
Energy: Electricity access: electrification - urban areas
100.0% (2024, World Bank)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: biomass and waste
6.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: fossil fuels
82% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: geothermal
4.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: hydroelectricity
6.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: solar
0.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: wind
0.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: consumption
356.135 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: imports
828.198 million kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: installed generating capacity
70.826 million kW (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: transmission/distribution losses
27.477 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Energy consumption per capita: Total energy consumption per capita 2023
37.39 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: consumption
38.378 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: exports
20.989 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: imports
727.056 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: production
58.691 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: proven reserves
1.408 trillion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Energy: Petroleum: crude oil estimated reserves
2.48 billion barrels (2021 est.)
Energy: Petroleum: refined petroleum consumption
1.645 million bbl/day (2023 est.)
Energy: Petroleum: total petroleum production
865,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: from coal and metallurgical coke
527.923 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: from consumed natural gas
78.38 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: from petroleum and other liquids
223.352 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: total emissions
829.655 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Climate
tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
Environment: Environmental issues
large-scale deforestation (much of it illegal) and related wildfires cause heavy smog; over-exploitation of marine resources; air pollution from vehicle emissions; waste disposal; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage
Environment: Geoparks: global geoparks and regional networks
Batur; Belitong; Ciletuh - Palabuhanratu; Gunung Sewu; Ijen; Kebumen; Maros Pangkep; Merangin Jambi; Meratus; Raja Ampat; Rinjani-Lombok; Toba Caldera (2025)
Environment: Geoparks: total global geoparks and regional networks
12 (2025)
Environment: International environmental agreements: party to
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands
Environment: International environmental agreements: signed, but not ratified
Marine Life Conservation
Environment: Land use: agricultural land
29.1% (2023, World Bank)
Environment: Land use: agricultural land: arable land
9.4% (2023, World Bank)
Environment: Land use: agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 13.9% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 5.8% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: forest
47.7% (2023, World Bank)
Environment: Land use: other
20.3% (2023 est.)
Environment: Methane emissions: agriculture
3,379.3 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Environment: Methane emissions: energy
3,621.7 kt (2022-2024 est.)
Environment: Methane emissions: other
165.7 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Environment: Methane emissions: waste
4,200.1 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Environment: Particulate matter emissions
18.4 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Environment: Total renewable water resources
2.019 trillion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Environment: Total water withdrawal: agricultural
189.7 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Environment: Total water withdrawal: industrial
9.135 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Environment: Total water withdrawal: municipal
23.8 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Environment: Urbanization: rate of urbanization
1.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Environment: Urbanization: urban population
59.4% (2025, World Bank)
Environment: Waste and recycling: municipal solid waste generated annually
65.2 million tons (2024 est.)
Environment: Waste and recycling: percent of municipal solid waste recycled
15.2% (2022 est.)
Geography: Area - comparative
slightly less than three times the size of Texas
Geography: Area: land
1,811,569 sq km
Geography: Area: water
93,000 sq km
Geography: Coastline
54,716 km
Geography: Elevation: highest point
Puncak Jaya 4,884 m
Geography: Elevation: lowest point
Indian/Pacific Oceans 0 m
Geography: Elevation: mean elevation
367 m
Geography: Geographic coordinates
5 00 S, 120 00 E
Geography: Geography - note
note 1: 13,466 islands are in the archipelago, of which 922 are permanently inhabited; Indonesia is the world's largest country composed solely of islands; the country straddles the equator and occupies a strategic location along major sea lanes from the Indian Ocean to the Pacific Ocean note 2: Indonesia is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, which is a belt bordering the Pacific Ocean that contains about 75% of the world's volcanoes, up to 90% of the world's earthquakes, and 80% of tsunamis note 3: despite having the fourth largest population in the world, Indonesia is the most heavily forested region on earth after the Amazon
Geography: Irrigated land
67,220 sq km (2012)
Geography: Land boundaries: border countries
Malaysia 1,881 km; Papua New Guinea 824 km; Timor-Leste 253 km
Geography: Land boundaries: total
2,958 km
Geography: Land use: agricultural land
29.1% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 9.4% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 13.9% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 5.8% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: forest
50.6% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: other
20.3% (2023 est.)
Geography: Major lakes (area sq km): fresh water lake(s)
Danau Toba - 1,150 sq km note - located in the caldera of a super volcano that erupted more than 70,000 years ago; it is the largest volcanic lake in the World
Geography: Major rivers (by length in km)
Sepik (shared with Papua New Guinea [s]) - 1,126 km; Fly (shared with Papua New Guinea [s]) - 1,050 km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Geography: Map references
Southeast Asia
Geography: Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone
200 nm
Geography: Maritime claims: territorial sea
12 nm
Geography: Natural hazards
occasional floods; severe droughts; tsunamis; earthquakes; volcanoes; forest fires volcanism: Indonesia contains the most volcanoes of any country in the world, with over 75 historically active; significant volcanic activity occurs on Java, Sumatra, the Sunda Islands, Halmahera Island, Sulawesi Island, Sangihe Island, and in the Banda Sea; Merapi (2,968 m), Indonesia's most active volcano, has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; in 2018, a large explosion and flank collapse destroyed most of the island of Anak Krakatau (Child of Krakatau) and generated a deadly tsunami that left more than 400 dead; other notable historically active volcanoes include Agung, Awu, Karangetang, Krakatau (Krakatoa), Makian, Raung, Sinabung, and Tambora; see note 2 under "Geography - note"
Geography: Population distribution
major concentration on the island of Java, which is considered one of the most densely populated places on earth; of the outer islands, Sumatra contains some of the most significant clusters, particularly in the south near the Selat Sunda and along the northeastern coast near Medan; the cities of Makasar (Sulawesi), Banjarmasin (Kalimantan) are also heavily populated
Geography: Terrain
mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains
Government: Administrative divisions
35 provinces ( provinsi-provinsi , singular - provinsi ), 1 autonomous province*, 1 special region** ( daerah istimewa ), and 1 national capital district*** ( daerah khusus ibukota ); Aceh*, Bali, Banten, Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Jakarta***, Jambi, Jawa Barat (West Java), Jawa Tengah (Central Java), Jawa Timur (East Java), Kalimantan Barat (West Kalimantan), Kalimantan Selatan (South Kalimantan), Kalimantan Tengah (Central Kalimantan), Kalimantan Timur (East Kalimantan), Kalimantan Utara (North Kalimantan), Kepulauan Bangka Belitung (Bangka Belitung Islands), Kepulauan Riau (Riau Islands), Lampung, Maluku, Maluku Utara (North Maluku), Nusa Tenggara Barat (West Nusa Tenggara), Nusa Tenggara Timur (East Nusa Tenggara), Papua, Papua Barat (West Papua), Papua Barat Daya (Southwest Papua), Papua Pegunungan (Papua Highlands), Papua Selatan (South Papua), Papua Tengah (Central Papua), Riau, Sulawesi Barat (West Sulawesi), Sulawesi Selatan (South Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tengah (Central Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tenggara (Southeast Sulawesi), Sulawesi Utara (North Sulawesi), Sumatera Barat (West Sumatra), Sumatera Selatan (South Sumatra), Sumatera Utara (North Sumatra), Yogyakarta**
Government: Capital: etymology
derives from the Sanscrit name Jayakarta, meaning "victory and prosperity;" Prince FATILLAH conquered and renamed the city, formerly known as Sunda Kelapa, in 1527
Government: Capital: geographic coordinates
6 10 S, 106 49 E
Government: Capital: time difference
UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Government: Capital: time zone note
Indonesia has three time zones
Government: Citizenship: citizenship by birth
no
Government: Citizenship: citizenship by descent only
at least one parent must be a citizen of Indonesia
Government: Citizenship: dual citizenship recognized
no
Government: Citizenship: residency requirement for naturalization
5 continuous years
Government: Constitution: amendment process
proposed by the People’s Consultative Assembly, with at least two thirds of its members present; passage requires simple majority vote by the Assembly membership; constitutional articles on the unitary form of the state cannot be amended
Government: Constitution: history
drafted July to August 1945, effective 18 August 1945, abrogated by 1949 and 1950 constitutions; 1945 constitution restored 5 July 1959
Government: Country name: conventional short form
Indonesia
Government: Country name: etymology
the name is an 18th-century construct of two Greek words, "Indos" (India) and "nesoi" (islands), meaning "Indian islands"
Government: Country name: former
Netherlands East Indies (Dutch East Indies), Netherlands New Guinea
Government: Country name: local long form
Republik Indonesia
Government: Country name: local short form
Indonesia
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission
Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires Peter M. HAYMOND (since 15 June 2025)
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: consulate(s)
Medan
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: consulate(s) general
Surabaya
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: email address and website
jakartaacs@state.gov https://id.usembassy.gov/
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: embassy
Jl. Medan Merdeka Selatan No. 3-5, Jakarta 10110
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: FAX
[62] (21) 385-7189
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: mailing address
8200 Jakarta Place, Washington DC 20521-8200
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: telephone
[62] (21) 5083-1000
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: chancery
2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission
Ambassador INDROYONO Soesilo (since 16 December 2025)
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: consulate(s) general
Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: email address and website
washington.kbri@kemlu.go.id Embassy of The Republic of Indonesia, in Washington D.C., The United States of America (kemlu.go.id)
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: FAX
[1] (202) 775-5236
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: telephone
[1] (202) 775-5200
Government: Executive branch: cabinet
Cabinet appointed by the president
Government: Executive branch: chief of state
President PRABOWO Subianto Djojohadikusumo (since 20 October 2024)
Government: Executive branch: election results
2024: PRABOWO Subianto elected president (assumes office 20 October 2024); percent of vote - PRABOWO Subianto (GERINDRA) 58.6%, Anies Rasyid BASWEDAN (Independent) 24.9%, GANJAR Pranowo (PDI-P) 16.5% 2019: Joko WIDODO reelected president; percent of vote - Joko WIDODO (PDI-P) 55.5%, PRABOWO Subianto Djojohadikusumo (GERINDRA) 44.5%
Government: Executive branch: election/appointment process
president and vice president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term)
Government: Executive branch: expected date of next election
2029
Government: Executive branch: head of government
President PRABOWO Subianto Djojohadikusumo (since 20 October 2024)
Government: Executive branch: most recent election date
14 February 2024
Government: Flag
description: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white meaning: red stands for courage and white for purity history: the colors derive from the banner of the Majapahit Empire of the 13th-15th centuries
Government: International law organization participation
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
Government: International organization participation
ADB, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, BIS, CD, CICA (observer), CP, D-8, EAS, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-11, G-15, G-20, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IORA, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, MSG (associate member), NAM, OECD (enhanced engagement), OIC, OPCW, PIF (partner), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Government: Judicial branch: highest court(s)
Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung (51 judges divided into 8 chambers); Constitutional Court or Mahkamah Konstitusi (consists of 9 judges)
Government: Judicial branch: judge selection and term of office
Supreme Court judges nominated by Judicial Commission, appointed by president with concurrence of parliament; judges serve until retirement at age 65; Constitutional Court judges - 3 nominated by president, 3 by Supreme Court, and 3 by parliament; judges appointed by the president; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 70
Government: Judicial branch: subordinate courts
High Courts of Appeal, district courts, religious courts
Government: Legal system
civil law system based on the Roman-Dutch model and influenced by customary law
Government: Legislative branch: electoral system
proportional representation
Government: Legislative branch: expected date of next election
April 2029
Government: Legislative branch: legislative structure
unicameral
Government: Legislative branch: legislature name
House of Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat)
Government: Legislative branch: most recent election date
2/14/2024
Government: Legislative branch: number of seats
580 (all directly elected)
Government: Legislative branch: parties elected and seats per party
Indonesian Democratic Party - Struggle (PDI-P) (110); Party of Functional Groups (Golkar) (102); Great Indonesia Movement (Gerindra) (86); National Democratic Party (NasDem) (69); National Awakening Party (PKB) (68); Prosperous Justice Party (PKS) (53); National Mandate Party (PAN) (48); Democratic Party (PD) (44)
Government: Legislative branch: percentage of women in chamber
21.9%
Government: Legislative branch: scope of elections
full renewal
Government: Legislative branch: term in office
5 years
Government: National anthem(s): history
adopted 1945
Government: National anthem(s): lyrics/music
Wage Rudolf SOEPRATMAN
Government: National color(s)
red, white
Government: National heritage: selected World Heritage Site locales
Borobudur Temple Compounds (c); Komodo National Park (n); Prambanan Temple Compounds (c); Ujung Kulon National Park (n); Sangiran Early Man Site (c); Lorentz National Park (n); Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra (n); Cultural Landscape of Bali Province (c); Ombilin Coal Mining Heritage of Sawahlunto (c); Cosmological Axis of Yogyakarta and its Historic Landmarks (c)
Government: National heritage: total World Heritage Sites
10 (6 cultural, 4 natural)
Government: National holiday
Independence Day, 17 August (1945)
Government: National symbol(s)
garuda (mythical bird)
Government: Political parties
Democrat Party or PD Functional Groups Party or GOLKAR Great Indonesia Movement Party or GERINDRA Indonesia Democratic Party-Struggle or PDI-P National Awakening Party or PKB National Democratic Party or NasDem National Mandate Party or PAN Prosperous Justice Party or PKS
Government: Suffrage
17 years of age; universal; married persons regardless of age
Introduction: Background
The archipelago was once largely under the control of Buddhist and Hindu rulers. By around the 7th century, a Buddhist kingdom arose on Sumatra and expanded into Java and the Malay Peninsula until it was conquered in the late 13th century by the Hindu Majapahit Empire from Java. Majapahit (1290-1527) united most of modern-day Indonesia and Malaysia. Traders introduced Islam around the 11th century, and the religion gradually expanded over the next 500 years. The Portuguese conquered parts of Indonesia in the 16th century, but the Dutch ousted them (except in East Timor) and began colonizing the islands in the early 17th century. It would be the early 20th century before Dutch colonial rule was established across the entirety of what would become the boundaries of the modern Indonesian state. Japan occupied the islands from 1942 to 1945. Indonesia declared its independence shortly before Japan's surrender, but it required four years of sometimes brutal fighting, intermittent negotiations, and UN mediation before the Netherlands agreed to transfer sovereignty in 1949. A period of sometimes unruly parliamentary democracy ended in 1957 when President SOEKARNO declared martial law and instituted "Guided Democracy." After an abortive coup in 1965 by alleged communist sympathizers, SOEKARNO was gradually eased from power. From 1967 until 1998, President SUHARTO ruled Indonesia with his "New Order" government. After street protests toppled SUHARTO in 1998, free and fair legislative elections took place in 1999 while the country's first direct presidential election occurred in 2004. Indonesia has since become a robust democracy, holding four direct presidential elections, each considered by international observers to have been largely free and fair. Indonesia is now the world's third-most-populous democracy and the world's largest Muslim-majority nation. It has had strong economic growth since overcoming the Asian financial crisis of the late 1990s. By the 2020s, it had the largest economy in Southeast Asia, and its economy ranked in the world's top 10 in terms of purchasing power parity. It has also made considerable gains in reducing poverty. Although relations amongst its diverse population--there are more than 300 ethnic groups--have been harmonious in the 2000s, there have been areas of sectarian discontent and violence, as well as instances of religious extremism and terrorism. A political settlement to an armed separatist conflict in Aceh was achieved in 2005, but a separatist group in Papua continued to conduct a low-intensity conflict as of 2024.
Military and Security: Military - note
the military is responsible for external defense, combatting separatism, and responding to national emergencies and natural disasters; in certain conditions it may provide operational support to police, such as for counterterrorism operations, maintaining public order, and addressing communal conflicts key operational priorities include an insurgency on Papua and the security of Indonesia's vast maritime domain; the West Papua Liberation Army, the military wing of the Free Papua Organization, has been fighting a low-level insurgency in Papua since Indonesia annexed the former Dutch colony in the 1960s; maritime issues include piracy, transnational crime, illegal fishing, and incursions by People's Republic of China (PRC) vessels; Indonesia is not a formal claimant in the South China Sea, although some of its waters lie within the PRC's “nine-dash line” maritime claims, resulting in some stand offs in recent years; over the past decade, the Indonesian military has bolstered its presence on and around the strategically located Natuna Islands (2025)
Military and Security: Military and security forces
Indonesian National Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI): Army (TNI-Angkatan Darat, TNI-AD), Navy (TNI-Angkatan Laut, TNI-AL; includes Marine Corps (Korps Marinir or KorMar)), Air Force (TNI-Angkatan Udara, TNI-AU) Indonesian National Police (aka The State Police of the Republic of Indonesia or POLRI) Ministry of Transportation: Indonesia Sea and Coast Guard (Kesatuan Penjagaan Laut dan Pantai Republik Indonesia, KPLP); Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal, and Security Affairs: Maritime Security Agency of the Republic of Indonesia (Badan Keamanan Laut Republik Indonesia, Bakamla) (2025)
Military and Security: Military and security service personnel strengths
approximately 400,000 active Armed Forces, including about 300,000 Army (2025)
Military and Security: Military deployments
250 (plus about 170 police) Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 1,025 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO); 1,225 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (2025)
Military and Security: Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the military's inventory is a mix of older and new weapons platforms from China, Russia, Europe, the US, and other countries; in recent years, major suppliers have included China, France, Germany, the Netherlands, South Korea, and the US; the TNI has been engaged in a modernization program for more than a decade; Indonesia has a growing defense industry fueled by technology transfers and cooperation agreements with several countries; it has jointly produced aircraft and naval vessels (2025)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2020
0.8% of GDP (2020 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2021
0.8% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2022
0.8% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2023
0.8% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2024
0.8% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2025
0.8% of GDP (2024, World Bank)
Military and Security: Military service age and obligation
18 years of age for voluntary service for men and women; upper age limits vary by military service, position, specialty; compulsory service authorized but not utilized (2025)
People and Society: Age structure: 0-14 years
24.2% (2025, World Bank)
People and Society: Age structure: 15-64 years
68.2% (2025, World Bank)
People and Society: Age structure: 65 years and over
7.5% (2025, World Bank)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: beer
0.06 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: other alcohols
0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: spirits
0.02 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: total
0.08 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: wine
0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Birth rate
15.76 (2024, World Bank)
People and Society: Child marriage: women married by age 15
2% (2017)
People and Society: Child marriage: women married by age 18
16.3% (2017)
People and Society: Children under the age of 5 years underweight
15.9% (2023 est.)
People and Society: Contraceptive prevalence rate
52.6% (2023, World Bank)
People and Society: Current health expenditure
2.7% of GDP (2023, World Bank)
People and Society: Currently married women (ages 15-49)
70.3% (2022 est.)
People and Society: Death rate
7.62 (2024, World Bank)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: elderly dependency ratio
12 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: potential support ratio
8.3 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio
46.1 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: youth dependency ratio
34.1 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: improved: rural
rural: 88.3% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: improved: total
89.0% (2024, World Bank)
People and Society: Drinking water source: improved: urban
urban: 98.3% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: unimproved: rural
rural: 11.7% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: unimproved: total
total: 5.9% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: unimproved: urban
urban: 1.7% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Education expenditure: Education expenditure (% GDP)
1.3% of GDP (2023 est.)
People and Society: Education expenditure: Education expenditure (% national budget)
10.6% national budget (2025 est.)
People and Society: Ethnic groups
Javanese 40.1%, Sundanese 15.5%, Malay 3.7%, Batak 3.6%, Madurese 3%, Betawi 2.9%, Minangkabau 2.7%, Buginese 2.7%, Bantenese 2%, Banjarese 1.7%, Balinese 1.7%, Acehnese 1.4%, Dayak 1.4%, Sasak 1.3%, Chinese 1.2%, other 15% (2010 est.)
People and Society: Gross reproduction rate
0.94 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Health expenditure: Health expenditure (as % of GDP)
3.7% of GDP (2021)
People and Society: Health expenditure: Health expenditure (as % of national budget)
8% of national budget (2022 est.)
People and Society: Hospital bed density
1.37 (2023, World Bank)
People and Society: Infant mortality rate: female
13.50 (2024, World Bank)
People and Society: Infant mortality rate: male
16.70 (2024, World Bank)
People and Society: Infant mortality rate: total
15.20 (2024, World Bank)
People and Society: Languages: Languages
Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects (of which the most widely spoken is Javanese); note - more than 700 languages are used in Indonesia
People and Society: Languages: major-language sample(s)
Fakta Dunia, sumber informasi dasar yang sangat diperlukan. (Indonesian) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
People and Society: Life expectancy at birth: female
73.43 (2024, World Bank)
People and Society: Life expectancy at birth: male
69.16 (2024, World Bank)
People and Society: Literacy: female
94.6% (2020, World Bank)
People and Society: Literacy: male
97.4% (2020, World Bank)
People and Society: Literacy: total population
96.0% (2020, World Bank)
People and Society: Major urban areas - population
11.249 million JAKARTA (capital), 3.729 million Bekasi, 3.044 million Surabaya, 3.041 million Depok, 2.674 million Bandung, 2.514 million Tangerang (2023)
People and Society: Maternal mortality ratio
140.00 (2023, World Bank)
People and Society: Median age: female
32.3 years
People and Society: Median age: male
30.8 years
People and Society: Mother's mean age at first birth
22.4 years (2017 est.)
People and Society: Nationality: adjective
Indonesian
People and Society: Net migration rate
-0.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
People and Society: Obesity - adult prevalence rate
6.9% (2016)
People and Society: People - note
Indonesia is the fourth most populous nation in the World after China, India, and the United States; more than half of the Indonesian population - roughly 150 million people or 55% - live on the island of Java (about the size of California) making it the most crowded island on earth
People and Society: Physician density
0.52 (2023, World Bank)
People and Society: Population
285,721,236 (2025, World Bank)
People and Society: Population distribution
major concentration on the island of Java, which is considered one of the most densely populated places on earth; of the outer islands, Sumatra contains some of the most significant clusters, particularly in the south near the Selat Sunda and along the northeastern coast near Medan; the cities of Makasar (Sulawesi), Banjarmasin (Kalimantan) are also heavily populated
People and Society: Population growth rate
0.8% (2025, World Bank)
People and Society: Population: female
142,193,712 (2025, World Bank)
People and Society: Population: male
143,527,524 (2025, World Bank)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: improved: rural
rural: 91.1% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: improved: total
88.2% (2024, World Bank)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: improved: urban
urban: 97.4% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: unimproved: rural
rural: 8.9% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: unimproved: total
total: 5.3% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: unimproved: urban
urban: 2.6% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): female
13 years (2023 est.)
People and Society: School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): male
13 years (2023 est.)
People and Society: School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total
13 years (2023 est.)
People and Society: Sex ratio: 0-14 years
1.05 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: 15-64 years
1 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: 65 years and over
0.85 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: at birth
1.05 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: total population
1 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
People and Society: Tobacco use: female
3.1% (2025 est.)
People and Society: Tobacco use: male
74.9% (2025 est.)
People and Society: Tobacco use: total
39% (2025 est.)
People and Society: Total fertility rate
2.12 (2024, World Bank)
People and Society: Urbanization: rate of urbanization
1.9% (2025, World Bank)
People and Society: Urbanization: urban population
59.4% (2025, World Bank)
Space: Key space-program milestones
1964 - launched first sounding rocket (Kartika) 1976 - first communications satellite (Palapa A1) built and launched by US 2005 - re-started sounding rocket program with goal of producing a satellite launch vehicle (SLV) 2007 - first remote sensing (RS) satellite (LAPAN-A1) built by Germany and launched by India 2015 - first domestically produced RS satellite (LAPAN-A2) launched by India 2023-2024 - two communications satellites (SATRIA-1 and Merah Putih 2) to provide high-speed internet access across the Indonesian archipelago built by European company and launched by US
Space: Space agency/agencies
Indonesian Space Agency (INASA; formed 2022); National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN; established 2021); Research Organization for Aeronautics and Space (ORPA; formed 2021) (2025)
Space: Space program overview
focuses largely on rocket development and satellite acquisition/operation; manufactures remote sensing (RS) satellites; has a sounding (research) rocket program to develop an orbital satellite launch vehicle (SLV); researching and developing a range of other space-related technologies related to satellite payloads, communications, RS, and astronomy; has relations with several foreign space agencies and industries, including those of France, Germany, India, Japan, Russia, South Korea, and the US; national space program includes building up the country's private space sector (2025)
Terrorism: Terrorist group(s)
Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (aka Jemaah Anshorut Daulah); Jemaah Islamiyah
Transnational Issues: Refugees and internally displaced persons: IDPs
95,521 (2024 est.)
Transnational Issues: Refugees and internally displaced persons: refugees
7,374 (2025, UNHCR)
Transnational Issues: Refugees and internally displaced persons: stateless persons
2,639 (2025, UNHCR)
Transportation: Airports
556 (2025)
Transportation: Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
PK
Transportation: Heliports
53 (2025)
Transportation: Merchant marine: by type
bulk carrier 160, container ship 219, general cargo 2,347, oil tanker 714, other 7,982
Transportation: Merchant marine: total
11,422 (2023)
Transportation: Ports: key ports
Belawan, Cilacap, Dumai, Jakarta, Kasim Terminal, Merak Mas Terminal, Palembang, Surabaya, Ujung Pandang
Transportation: Ports: large
3
Transportation: Ports: medium
6
Transportation: Ports: ports with oil terminals
79
Transportation: Ports: small
18
Transportation: Ports: total ports
123 (2024)
Transportation: Ports: very small
96
Transportation: Railways: narrow gauge
8,159 km (2014) 1.067-m gauge (565 km electrified)
Transportation: Railways: total
8,159 km (2014)
Warning: Some information might be outdated or incorrect, please check statistics before using(most of the economical stats are correct, its mostly the Population stats that are incorrect). Some dates are listed but some are missed, if you have any issues please report it to the Github at github.com.