Communications: Broadband - fixed subscriptions: subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
45 (2023 est.)
Communications: Broadband - fixed subscriptions: total
38.4 million (2023 est.)
Communications: Broadcast media
a mix of publicly operated and privately owned TV and radio stations; 70 national and regional public broadcasters compete with nearly 400 privately owned national and regional TV stations; more than 90% of households have cable or satellite TV; hundreds of radio stations, including national and regional networks and a large number of local stations
Communications: Internet country code
.de
Communications: Internet users: percent of population
93.50% (2024 est.)
Communications: Telephones - fixed lines: subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
45 (2024 est.)
Communications: Telephones - fixed lines: total subscriptions
38.4 million (2024 est.)
Communications: Telephones - mobile cellular: subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
129 (2024 est.)
Communications: Telephones - mobile cellular: total subscriptions
109 million (2024 est.)
Economy: Agricultural products
milk, sugar beets, wheat, potatoes, barley, maize, rapeseed, pork, rye, triticale (2023)
Economy: Average household expenditures: on alcohol and tobacco
3.1% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Economy: Average household expenditures: on food
11.6% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Economy: Budget: expenditures
$1.369 trillion (2023 est.)
Economy: Budget: revenues
$1.279 trillion (2023 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2013
$256.179 billion (2013 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2014
$285.240 billion (2014 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2015
$277.321 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2016
$314.858 billion (2016 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2017
$304.193 billion (2017 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2018
$342.182 billion (2018 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2019
$311.830 billion (2019 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2020
$250.193 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2021
$301.386 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2022
$161.759 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2023
$251.479 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2024
$267.056 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates
0.923890 (2024 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Currency
euros (EUR) per US dollar -
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2013
0.752945 (2013 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2014
0.752728 (2014 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2015
0.901296 (2015 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2016
0.903421 (2016 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2017
0.885206 (2017 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2018
0.846773 (2018 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2019
0.893276 (2019 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2020
0.875506 (2020 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2021
0.845494 (2021 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2022
0.949624 (2022 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2023
0.924840 (2023 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2024
0.923890 (2024 est.)
Economy: Exports - commodities
cars, vehicle parts/accessories, packaged medicine, plastic products, vaccines (2023)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2011
$1.592 trillion (2011 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2014
$1.653 trillion (2014 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2015
$1.459 trillion (2015 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2016
$1.473 trillion (2016 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2017
$1.589 trillion (2017 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2018
$1.723 trillion (2018 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2019
$1.677 trillion (2019 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2020
$1.542 trillion (2020 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2021
$1.852 trillion (2021 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2022
$1.917 trillion (2022 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2023
$1.958 trillion (2023 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2024
$1.949 trillion (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: exports of goods and services
43.4% (2023 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: government consumption
21.2% (2023 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption
49.9% (2023 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: imports of goods and services
-39.4% (2023 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: investment in fixed capital
21.5% (2023 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: investment in inventories
0.2% (2023 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture
0.8% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by sector of origin: industry
25.8% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by sector of origin: services
63.9% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - per capita (PPP)
$73,552 (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP (official exchange rate)
$4.66 trillion (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP (purchasing power parity) - real
$6.143 trillion (2024 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2015
31.4 (2015 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2016
31.3 (2016 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017
31.3 (2017 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018
31.9 (2018 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2019
32.2 (2019 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2020
32.5 (2020 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2021
33.6 (2021 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022
33.7 (2022 est.)
Economy: Household income or consumption by percentage share: highest 10%
25% (2020 est.)
Economy: Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%
2.9% (2020 est.)
Economy: Imports - commodities
cars, vehicle parts/accessories, garments, natural gas, vaccines (2023)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2010
$1.192 trillion (2010 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2015
$1.205 trillion (2015 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2016
$1.216 trillion (2016 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2017
$1.327 trillion (2017 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2018
$1.485 trillion (2018 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2019
$1.455 trillion (2019 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2020
$1.333 trillion (2020 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2021
$1.629 trillion (2021 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2022
$1.808 trillion (2022 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2023
$1.781 trillion (2023 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2024
$1.774 trillion (2024 est.)
Economy: Industrial production growth rate
-3% (2024 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2015
0.51% (2015 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2016
0.49% (2016 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017
1.51% (2017 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018
1.73% (2018 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019
1.45% (2019 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020
0.14% (2020 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021
3.07% (2021 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022
6.87% (2022 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023
5.95% (2023 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024
2.26% (2024 est.)
Economy: Labor force
43.772 million (2024 est.)
Economy: Population below poverty line
14.80% (2021 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2017
63.9% of GDP (2017 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2014
$3.882 trillion (2014 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2015
$3.966 trillion (2015 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2016
$4.247 trillion (2016 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017
$4.473 trillion (2017 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019
$4.925 trillion (2019 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020
$4.880 trillion (2020 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021
$5.202 trillion (2021 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022
$5.274 trillion (2022 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023
$5.26 trillion (2023 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024
$5.247 trillion (2024 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2015
1.66% (2015 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2016
2.22% (2016 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2017
2.80% (2017 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2018
1.14% (2018 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2019
0.98% (2019 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2020
-4.13% (2020 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2021
3.91% (2021 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2022
1.81% (2022 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2023
-0.3% (2023 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2024
-0.2% (2024 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2014
$47,939 (2014 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2015
$48,545 (2015 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2016
$51,570 (2016 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2017
$54,110 (2017 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2019
$59,271 (2019 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2020
$58,686 (2020 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2021
$62,531 (2021 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2022
$69,049 (2022 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2023
$71,684 (2023 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2013
$16.172 billion (2013 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2014
$16.266 billion (2014 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2015
$14.888 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2020
$18.820 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2021
$20.256 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2022
0.5% of GDP (2022 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2023
0.5% of GDP (2023 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2024
0.5% of GDP (2024 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2015
$173.731 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2016
$184.031 billion (2016 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2017
$199.983 billion (2017 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2018
$198.027 billion (2018 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2019
$224.028 billion (2019 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2020
$268.409 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021
$295.736 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022
$293.914 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023
$322.7 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024
$377.936 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: Taxes and other revenues
11% (of GDP) (2022 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2019
3.16% (2019 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2020
3.88% (2020 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2021
3.59% (2021 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2022
3.14% (2022 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2023
3.07% (2023 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2024
3.40% (2024 est.)
Economy: Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): female
5.9% (2024 est.)
Economy: Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): male
7.4% (2024 est.)
Economy: Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): total
6.7% (2024 est.)
Energy: Coal: consumption
140.994 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: exports
1.68 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: imports
32.933 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: production
109.741 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: proven reserves
35.4 billion metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity access: electrification - total population
100% (2022 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: biomass and waste
9.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: fossil fuels
49% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: hydroelectricity
3.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: nuclear
1.3% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: solar
11.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: wind
25.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: consumption
519.691 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: exports
60.316 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: imports
69.353 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: installed generating capacity
275.658 million kW (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: transmission/distribution losses
25.774 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Energy consumption per capita: Total energy consumption per capita 2023
120.457 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: consumption
82.371 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: imports
74.989 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: production
4.337 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: proven reserves
23.39 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Energy: Nuclear energy: Number of nuclear reactors permanently shut down
33 (2025)
Energy: Nuclear energy: Percent of total electricity production
1.4% (2023 est.)
Energy: Petroleum: crude oil estimated reserves
115.2 million barrels (2021 est.)
Energy: Petroleum: refined petroleum consumption
2.062 million bbl/day (2024 est.)
Energy: Petroleum: total petroleum production
131,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: from coal and metallurgical coke
163.407 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: from consumed natural gas
159.097 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: from petroleum and other liquids
277.688 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: total emissions
600.192 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Climate
temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers; occasional warm mountain (foehn) wind
Environment: Environmental issues
air pollution and acid rain from coal-burning utilities and industries; water pollution from raw sewage and industrial effluents; hazardous waste disposal
Environment: Geoparks: global geoparks and regional networks
Bergstraße-Odenwald ; Harz, Braunschweiger Land; Swabian Alb; TERRA.vita; Vulkaneifel; Thuringia Inselsberg -Drei Gleichen; Muskauer Faltenbogen / Łuk Mużakowa (includes Poland); Ries (2023)
Environment: Geoparks: total global geoparks and regional networks
8
Environment: International environmental agreements: party to
Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
Environment: International environmental agreements: signed, but not ratified
none of the selected agreements
Environment: Land use: agricultural land
47.5% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 33.4% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 0.6% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 13.5% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: forest
32.8% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: other
15% (2023 est.)
Environment: Methane emissions: agriculture
1,197.8 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Environment: Methane emissions: energy
476.2 kt (2022-2024 est.)
Environment: Methane emissions: other
110 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Environment: Methane emissions: waste
459 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Environment: Particulate matter emissions
10.6 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Environment: Total renewable water resources
154 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Environment: Total water withdrawal: agricultural
1.075 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Environment: Total water withdrawal: industrial
14.005 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Environment: Total water withdrawal: municipal
10.713 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Environment: Urbanization: rate of urbanization
0.13% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Environment: Urbanization: urban population
82.02% (2024 est.)
Environment: Waste and recycling: municipal solid waste generated annually
50.628 million tons (2024 est.)
Environment: Waste and recycling: percent of municipal solid waste recycled
49.8% (2022 est.)
Geography: Area - comparative
three times the size of Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than Montana
Geography: Area: land
348,672 sq km
Geography: Area: water
8,350 sq km
Geography: Coastline
2,389 km
Geography: Elevation: highest point
Zugspitze 2,963 m
Geography: Elevation: lowest point
Neuendorf bei Wilster -3.5 m
Geography: Elevation: mean elevation
263 m
Geography: Geographic coordinates
51 00 N, 9 00 E
Geography: Geography - note
strategic location on North European Plain and along the entrance to the Baltic Sea; most major rivers in Germany -- the Rhine, Weser, Oder, Elbe -- flow northward; the Danube, which originates in the Black Forest, flows eastward
Geography: Irrigated land
5,065 sq km (2020)
Geography: Land boundaries: border countries
Austria 801 km; Belgium 133 km; Czechia 704 km; Denmark 140 km; France 418 km; Luxembourg 128 km; Netherlands 575 km; Poland 447 km; Switzerland 348 km
Geography: Land boundaries: total
3,694 km
Geography: Land use: agricultural land
47.5% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 33.4% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 0.6% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 13.5% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: forest
32.8% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: other
15% (2023 est.)
Geography: Major lakes (area sq km): fresh water lake(s)
Lake Constance (shared with Switzerland and Austria) - 540 sq km
Geography: Major lakes (area sq km): salt water lake(s)
Stettiner Haff/Zalew Szczecinski (shared with Poland) - 900 sq km
Geography: Major rivers (by length in km)
Donau (Danube) river source (shared with Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Moldova, and Romania [m]) - 2,888 km; Elbe river mouth (shared with Czechia [s]) - 1,252 km; Rhein (Rhine) (shared with Switzerland [s], France, and Netherlands [m]) - 1,233 km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Geography: Major watersheds (area sq km): Atlantic Ocean drainage
Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km), (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)
Geography: Map references
Europe
Geography: Maritime claims: continental shelf
200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Geography: Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone
200 nm
Geography: Maritime claims: territorial sea
12 nm
Geography: Natural hazards
flooding
Geography: Population distribution
second most populous country in Europe; a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations, particularly in the far-western part of the industrial state of North Rhine-Westphalia
Geography: Terrain
lowlands in north, uplands in center, Bavarian Alps in south
Government: Administrative divisions
16 states ( Laender , singular - Land ); Baden-Wuerttemberg, Bayern (Bavaria), Berlin, Brandenburg, Bremen, Hamburg, Hessen (Hesse), Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania), Niedersachsen (Lower Saxony), Nordrhein-Westfalen (North Rhine-Westphalia), Rheinland-Pfalz (Rhineland-Palatinate), Saarland, Sachsen (Saxony), Sachsen-Anhalt (Saxony-Anhalt), Schleswig-Holstein, Thueringen (Thuringia)
Government: Capital: daylight saving time
+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Government: Capital: etymology
the origin of the name is unclear but may be related to the Old Slavic (Polabian) word berl or birl , meaning "swamp" and referring to the original settlement site by the Spree River
Government: Capital: geographic coordinates
52 31 N, 13 24 E
Government: Capital: time difference
UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Government: Citizenship: citizenship by birth
no
Government: Citizenship: citizenship by descent only
at least one parent must be a German citizen or a resident alien who has lived in Germany at least 8 years
Government: Citizenship: dual citizenship recognized
yes, but requires prior permission from government
Government: Citizenship: residency requirement for naturalization
8 years
Government: Constitution: amendment process
proposed by Parliament; passage and enactment into law require two-thirds majority vote by both the Bundesrat (upper house) and the Bundestag (lower house) of Parliament; articles including those on basic human rights and freedoms cannot be amended
Government: Constitution: history
previous 1919 (Weimar Constitution); latest drafted 10-23 August 1948, approved 12 May 1949, promulgated 23 May 1949, entered into force 24 May 1949
Government: Country name: conventional short form
Germany
Government: Country name: etymology
the origin of the name is unclear; it may come from Celtic words meaning "neighboring people," or it may derive from Germanic words meaning either "spear man" or "head man;" the native designation "Deutsch" comes from the Old High German "diutisc" meaning "national"
Government: Country name: former
German Reich
Government: Country name: local long form
Bundesrepublik Deutschland
Government: Country name: local short form
Deutschland
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission
Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires Alan MELTZER (since July 2024)
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: consulate(s) general
Dusseldorf, Frankfurt am Main, Hamburg, Leipzig, Munich
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: email address and website
BerlinPCO@state.gov https://de.usembassy.gov/
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: embassy
Pariser Platz 2, 10117 Berlin Clayallee 170, 14191 Berlin (administrative services)
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: FAX
[49] (30) 8305-1215
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: mailing address
5090 Berlin Place, Washington DC 20521-5090
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: telephone
[49] (30) 8305-0
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: chancery
4645 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20007
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission
Ambassador Jens HANEFELD (since 5 September 2025)
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: consulate(s) general
Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, San Francisco
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: email address and website
info@washington.diplo.de https://www.germany.info/us-en
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: FAX
[1] (202) 298-4261
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: telephone
[1] (202) 298-4000
Government: Executive branch: cabinet
Cabinet or Bundesminister (Federal Ministers) recommended by the chancellor, appointed by the president
Government: Executive branch: chief of state
President Frank-Walter STEINMEIER (since 19 March 2017)
Government: Executive branch: election results
2025: Friedrich MERZ (CDU) elected chancellor in second round; Federal Parliament vote - 325 to 289 2022: Frank-Walter STEINMEIER reelected president; Federal Convention vote count - Frank-Walter STEINMEIER (SPD) 1,045, Max OTTE (CDU) 140, Gerhard TRABERT (The Left) 96, Stefanie GEBAUER (Free Voters) 58, abstentions 86
Government: Executive branch: election/appointment process
president indirectly elected by a Federal Convention consisting of all members of the Federal Parliament (Bundestag) and an equivalent number of delegates indirectly elected by the state parliaments; president serves a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); following the most recent Federal Parliament election, the party or coalition with the most representatives usually elects the chancellor, who is appointed by the president to serve a renewable 4-year term
Government: Executive branch: expected date of next election
president: February 2027
Government: Executive branch: head of government
Chancellor Friedrich MERZ (since 6 May 2025)
Government: Executive branch: most recent election date
president: 13 February 2022 chancellor: 6 May 2025
Government: Flag
description: three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and gold history: the colors can be traced back to the medieval banner of the Holy Roman Emperor -- a black eagle with red claws and beak on a gold field
Government: International law organization participation
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Government: International organization participation
ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council (observer), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS, CD, CDB, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, G-20, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), SICA (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMISS, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UNSOM, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Government: Judicial branch: highest court(s)
Federal Court of Justice (court consists of 127 judges, including the court president, vice presidents, presiding judges, other judges; organized into 25 Senates subdivided into 12 civil panels, 5 criminal panels, and 8 special panels); Federal Constitutional Court or Bundesverfassungsgericht (consists of 2 Senates each subdivided into 3 chambers, each with a chairman and 8 members)
Government: Judicial branch: judge selection and term of office
Federal Court of Justice judges selected by the Judges Election Committee, which consists of the Secretaries of Justice from each of the 16 federated states and 16 members appointed by the Federal Parliament; judges appointed by the president; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 65; half of Federal Constitutional Court judges are elected by the House of Representatives and half by the Senate; judges appointed for 12-year terms with mandatory retirement at age 68
Government: Judicial branch: subordinate courts
Federal Administrative Court; Federal Finance Court; Federal Labor Court; Federal Social Court; each of the 16 federated states or Land has its own constitutional court and a hierarchy of ordinary (civil, criminal, family) and specialized (administrative, finance, labor, social) courts; two English-speaking commercial courts opened in 2020 in the state of Baden-Wuerttemberg -- the Stuttgart Commercial Court and the Mannheim Commercial Court
Government: Legal system
civil law system
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: chamber name
German Bundestag (Deutscher Bundestag)
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: electoral system
mixed system
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: expected date of next election
February 2029
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: most recent election date
2/23/2025
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: number of seats
630 (all directly elected)
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: parties elected and seats per party
Christian Democratic Union (CDU) (164); Alternative for Germany (AfD) (152); Social Democratic Party (SPD) (120); Green Party (85); Left Party (Die Linke) (64); Christian Social Union of Bavaria (CSU) (44); Other (1)
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: percentage of women in chamber
32.4%
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: scope of elections
full renewal
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: term in office
4 years
Government: Legislative branch - upper chamber: chamber name
Federal Council (Bundesrat)
Government: Legislative branch - upper chamber: number of seats
69 (all appointed)
Government: Legislative branch - upper chamber: parties elected and seats per party
SPD 23; CDU 17; Green Party 15; Left Party 4; CSU 3; FW 3; FDP 2; other 2
Government: Legislative branch - upper chamber: percentage of women in chamber
34.8%
Government: Legislative branch: legislative structure
bicameral
Government: National anthem(s): history
first adopted 1922; the anthem, also known as "Deutschlandlied" (Song of Germany), was originally adopted for its connection to the March 1848 liberal revolution; the Nazis later appropriated the first verse -- specifically the phrase "Deutschland, Deutschland ueber alles" (Germany, Germany above all) -- to promote nationalism, and the anthem was banned after 1945; in 1952, West Germany adopted the third verse as its national anthem; in 1990, it became the national anthem for the reunited Germany
Government: National anthem(s): lyrics/music
August Heinrich HOFFMANN VON FALLERSLEBEN/Franz Joseph HAYDN
Government: National coat of arms
Germany’s coat of arms is the world’s oldest, said to date back to 1200, and uses the country’s national colors; it features the oldest European national symbol, an eagle known as the Bundesadler (Federal Eagle); the coat of arms has varied over time for military or political reasons, but the eagle has always been part of the design; the Federal Republic of Germany adopted this version in 1950
Government: National color(s)
black, red, yellow
Government: National heritage: selected World Heritage Site locales
Museumsinsel (Museum Island), Berlin (c); Palaces and Parks of Potsdam and Berlin (c); Speyer Cathedral (c); Aachen Cathedral (c); Bauhaus and its Sites in Weimar, Dessau, and Bernau (c); Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura (c); Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St. Peter, and Church of Our Lady in Trier (c); Hanseatic City of Lübeck (c); Old Town of Regensburg with Stadtamhof (c); Würzburg Residence with the Court Gardens and Residence Square (c); Pilgrimage Church of Wies (c); Castles of Augustusburg and Falkenlust at Brühl (c); St Mary's Cathedral and St Michael's Church at Hildesheim (c); Abbey and Altenmünster of Lorsch (c); Maulbronn Monastery Complex (c); Collegiate Church, Castle and Old Town of Quedlinburg (c); Cologne Cathedral (c); Castle Church in Wittenberg (c); Classical Weimar (c); Wartburg Castle (c); Garden Kingdom of Dessau-Wörlitz (c); Monastic Island of Reichenau (c); Berlin Modernism Housing Estates (c); Prehistoric Pile Dwellings around the Alps (c); Moravian Church Settlements (c); Speicherstadt and Kontorhaus District with Chilehaus (c); The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement (c); Archaeological Border complex of Hedeby and the Danevirke (c); Naumburg Cathedral (c); Mathildenhöhe Darmstadt (c); ShUM Sites of Speyer, Worms and Mainz (c); The Great Spa Towns of Europe (c); Jewish-Medieval Heritage of Erfurt (c); Schwerin Residence Ensemble (c); The Palaces of King Ludwig II of Bavaria: Neuschwanstein, Linderhof, Schachen and Herrenchiemsee (c); The Palaces of King Ludwig II of Bavaria: Neuschwanstein, Linderhof, Schachen and Herrenchiemsee (c)
Government: National heritage: total World Heritage Sites
56 (54 cultural, 2 natural)
Government: National holiday
German Unity Day, 3 October (1990)
Government: National symbol(s)
eagle
Government: Political parties
Alliance '90/Greens Alternative for Germany or AfD Christian Democratic Union or CDU Christian Social Union or CSU Free Democratic Party or FDP Free Voters or FW The Left or Die Linke Social Democratic Party or SPD
Government: Suffrage
18 years of age; universal; age 16 for some state and municipal elections
Introduction: Background
As Europe's largest economy and second most-populous nation (after Russia), Germany is a key member of the continent's economic, political, and defense organizations. European power struggles immersed Germany in two devastating world wars in the first half of the 20th century and left the country occupied by the victorious Allied powers of the US, UK, France, and the Soviet Union in 1945. With the advent of the Cold War, two German states were formed in 1949: the western Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and the eastern German Democratic Republic (GDR). The democratic FRG embedded itself in key western economic and security organizations, including the EC (now the EU) and NATO, while the communist GDR was on the front line of the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact. The decline of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War allowed German reunification to occur in 1990. Since then, Germany has expended considerable funds to bring eastern productivity and wages up to western standards. In January 1999, Germany and 10 other EU countries introduced a common European exchange currency, the euro.
Military and Security: Military - note
the Bundeswehr’s core mission is the defense of Germany and its NATO partners; it has a wide range of peacetime duties, including crisis management, cyber security, deterrence, homeland security, humanitarian and disaster relief, and international peacekeeping and stability operations; as a key member of NATO and the EU, the Bundeswehr typically operates in a coalition environment, and its capabilities are largely based on NATO and EU planning goals and needs; it has participated in a range of NATO and EU missions in Europe, Africa, and Asia, as well as global maritime operations; the Bundeswehr has close bilateral defense ties with a number of EU countries, including the Czechia, France, the Netherlands, and Romania, as well as the UK and the US; it also contributes forces to UN peacekeeping missions the Bundeswehr was established in 1955; at the height of the Cold War in the 1980s, it had nearly 600,000 personnel, over 7,000 tanks, and 1,000 combat aircraft; in addition, over 400,000 soldiers from other NATO countries—including about 200,000 US military personnel—were stationed in West Germany; in the years following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, the Bundeswehr shrank by more than 60% in size (over 90% in tanks and about 80% in aircraft), while funding fell from nearly 3% of GDP and over 4% of government spending in the mid-1980s to 1.2% and 1.6% respectively; by the 2010s, the Bundeswehr’s ability to fulfill its regional security commitments had deteriorated; the Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014 and full-scale assault on Ukraine in 2022 led to renewed emphasis on Germany’s leadership role in European defense and NATO and efforts to boost funding for the Bundeswehr to improve readiness, modernize, and expand (2025)
Military and Security: Military and security forces
Federal Armed Forces (Bundeswehr): German Army (Deutsche Heer), German Navy (Deutsche Marine, includes naval air arm), German Air Force (Deutsche Luftwaffe, includes air defense), Cyber and Information Space (Cyber und Informationsraum) (2025)
Military and Security: Military and security service personnel strengths
approximately 185,000 active-duty military personnel (2025)
Military and Security: Military deployments
up to 500 Iraq (NATO); 300 Kosovo (NATO/KFOR), Lebanon 170 (UNIFIL); up to 1,700 Lithuania (NATO) (2025)
Military and Security: Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the inventory of Federal Armed Forces is comprised of weapons systems produced domestically or jointly with other European countries and Western imports, particularly from the US; Germany's defense industry is capable of manufacturing the full spectrum of air, land, and naval military weapons systems; it also participates in joint defense production projects with European partners and the US (2025)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2015
1.12% (2015 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2016
1.13% (2016 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2017
1.13% (2017 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2018
1.15% (2018 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2019
1.24% (2019 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2020
1.36% (2020 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2021
1.30% (2021 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2022
1.35% (2022 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2023
1.49% (2023 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2024
1.89% (2024 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2025
2.4% of GDP (2025 est.)
Military and Security: Military service age and obligation
17-23 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women (must have completed compulsory full-time education and have German citizenship); service obligation 7-23 months or 12 years (2025)
People and Society: Age structure: 0-14 years
13.8% (male 5,925,800/female 5,688,603)
People and Society: Age structure: 15-64 years
62.5% (male 26,705,657/female 25,875,865)
People and Society: Age structure: 65 years and over
23.7% (2024 est.) (male 8,941,245/female 10,981,930)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: beer
5.57 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: other alcohols
0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: spirits
1.97 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: total
10.56 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: wine
3.02 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Birth rate
8.87 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
People and Society: Children under the age of 5 years underweight
0.6% (2016 est.)
People and Society: Current health expenditure
12.27% (2024 est.)
People and Society: Currently married women (ages 15-49)
54.4% (2023 est.)
People and Society: Death rate
11.96 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: elderly dependency ratio
38.9 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: potential support ratio
2.6 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio
61.3 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: youth dependency ratio
22.4 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: improved: rural
rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: improved: total
total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: improved: urban
urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: unimproved: rural
rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: unimproved: total
total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: unimproved: urban
urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Education expenditure: Education expenditure (% GDP)
5.2% of GDP (2022 est.)
People and Society: Education expenditure: Education expenditure (% national budget)
10.7% national budget (2022 est.)
People and Society: Education expenditures
5.24% (2022 est.)
People and Society: Ethnic groups
German 85.4%, Turkish 1.8%, Ukrainian 1.4%, Syrian 1.1%, Romanian 1%, Poland 1%, other/stateless/unspecified 8.3% (2022 est.)
People and Society: Gross reproduction rate
0.77 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Health expenditure: Health expenditure (as % of GDP)
12.7% of GDP (2022)
People and Society: Health expenditure: Health expenditure (as % of national budget)
20.5% of national budget (2022 est.)
People and Society: HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate
0.20% (2024 est.)
People and Society: Hospital bed density
7.5 beds/1,000 population (2023 est.)
People and Society: Infant mortality rate: female
2.7 deaths/1,000 live births
People and Society: Infant mortality rate: male
3.5 deaths/1,000 live births
People and Society: Infant mortality rate: total
3.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)
People and Society: Languages: Languages
German (official); note - Danish, Frisian, Sorbian, and Romani are official minority languages; Low German, Danish, North Frisian, Sater Frisian, Lower Sorbian, Upper Sorbian, and Romani are recognized as regional languages
People and Society: Languages: major-language sample(s)
Das World Factbook, die unverzichtbare Quelle für grundlegende Informationen. (German) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
People and Society: Life expectancy at birth: female
83.2 years (2024 est.)
People and Society: Life expectancy at birth: male
78.5 years (2024 est.)
People and Society: Major urban areas - population
3.574 million BERLIN (capital), 1.788 million Hamburg, 1.576 million Munich, 1.144 million Cologne, 796,000 Frankfurt (2023)
People and Society: Maternal mortality ratio
4 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
People and Society: Median age: female
48.3 years
People and Society: Median age: male
45.5 years
People and Society: Mother's mean age at first birth
29.9 years (2020 est.)
People and Society: Nationality: adjective
German
People and Society: Net migration rate
1.79 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
People and Society: Obesity - adult prevalence rate
22.3% (2016)
People and Society: Physician density
4.53 physicians/1,000 population (2022)
People and Society: Population
83,516,593 (2024 est.)
People and Society: Population distribution
second most populous country in Europe; a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations, particularly in the far-western part of the industrial state of North Rhine-Westphalia
People and Society: Population growth rate
-0.13% (2025 est.)
People and Society: Population: female
42,494,983
People and Society: Population: male
41,517,301
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: improved: rural
rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: improved: total
total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: improved: urban
urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: unimproved: rural
rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: unimproved: total
total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: unimproved: urban
urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): female
17 years (2023 est.)
People and Society: School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): male
17 years (2023 est.)
People and Society: School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total
17 years (2023 est.)
People and Society: Sex ratio: 0-14 years
1.04 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: 15-64 years
1.03 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: 65 years and over
0.81 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: at birth
1.05 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: total population
0.98 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
People and Society: Tobacco use: female
15% (2025 est.)
People and Society: Tobacco use: male
19.4% (2025 est.)
People and Society: Tobacco use: total
17.2% (2025 est.)
People and Society: Total fertility rate
1.36 children born/woman (2024 est.)
People and Society: Urbanization: rate of urbanization
0.13% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
People and Society: Urbanization: urban population
82.02% (2024 est.)
Space: Key space-program milestones
1969 - first German scientific satellite (Azur) launched by US 1973 - participated with other European states, particularly France and the UK, in development of Ariane satellite launch vehicle 1978 - first German in space on Soviet Salyut space station 1980s-1990s - participated in US Space Shuttle program, including providing astronauts 1999 - launched a space-based X-ray telescope (ABRAXIS) on Russian rocket 2005 - began development of reusable space plane/shuttle/transporter 2019 - launched first space-based X-ray telescope (eROSITA) capable of imaging the entire sky (joint project with Russia) 2023 - signed US-led Artemis Accords for the exploration of space and the Moon; adopted a new national space strategy
Space: Space agency/agencies
German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, DLR; established 1997) (2025)
Space: Space launch site(s)
a commercial offshore launch platform that will operate from the North Sea is under development with both government and private funding (2025)
Space: Space program overview
has one of Europe’s largest space programs and is a top contributor to the ESA; builds and operates satellites, satellite/space launch vehicles (SLVs), probes, and unmanned orbiters; researches and develops a range of capabilities and technologies, including reusable space planes, satellite payloads, rockets, propulsion-assisted landing technologies, and aeronautics; participates in EU and ESA programs, including the Cassini-Huygens research mission to Saturn, Mars and Venus exploration missions, and the Galileo global navigation satellite system; participates in ESA’s astronaut training program and human space flight operations; hosts the European Astronaut Center; participates in international programs such as the International Space Station (ISS) and the James Webb Space Telescope; hosts mission control centers for the ISS, the ESA, and the European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT); has ties to foreign space programs, including those of China, Japan, Russia, and the US; has a robust commercial space sector (2025)
Terrorism: Terrorist group(s)
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS); al-Qa'ida
Transnational Issues: Illicit drugs: USG identification
major precursor-chemical producer (2025)
Transnational Issues: Refugees and internally displaced persons: IDPs
100 (2023 est.)
Transnational Issues: Refugees and internally displaced persons: refugees
3,098,169 (2024 est.)
Transnational Issues: Refugees and internally displaced persons: stateless persons
28,813 (2024 est.)
Transportation: Airports
840 (2025)
Transportation: Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
D
Transportation: Heliports
449 (2025)
Transportation: Merchant marine: by type
bulk carrier 1, container ship 69, general cargo 82, oil tanker 32, other 411
Transportation: Merchant marine: total
595 (2023)
Transportation: Ports: key ports
Brake, Bremen, Bremerhaven, Cuxhaven, Emden, Hamburg, Kiel, Lubeck, Rostock
Transportation: Ports: large
5
Transportation: Ports: medium
4
Transportation: Ports: ports with oil terminals
12
Transportation: Ports: small
11
Transportation: Ports: total ports
35 (2024)
Transportation: Ports: very small
15
Transportation: Railways: total
39,379 km (2020) 20,942 km electrified
Warning: Some information might be outdated or incorrect, please check statistics before using(most of the economical stats are correct, its mostly the Population stats that are incorrect). Some dates are listed but some are missed, if you have any issues please report it to the Github at github.com.