Communications: Broadband - fixed subscriptions: subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
35 (2023 est.)
Communications: Broadband - fixed subscriptions: total
1.98 million (2023 est.)
Communications: Broadcast media
3 publicly operated TV stations and numerous privately owned TV stations; several free and special-interest pay-TV channels; cable and satellite multi-channel subscription services are available; all TV signals are digital; 13 national and 25 regional public radio stations; a large number of private radio broadcasters
Communications: Internet country code
.fi
Communications: Internet users: percent of population
93.72% (2024 est.)
Communications: Telephones - fixed lines: subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
3 (2024 est.)
Communications: Telephones - fixed lines: total subscriptions
158,000 (2024 est.)
Communications: Telephones - mobile cellular: subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
126 (2024 est.)
Communications: Telephones - mobile cellular: total subscriptions
7.07 million (2024 est.)
Economy: Agricultural products
milk, barley, oats, wheat, potatoes, sugar beets, pork, chicken, peas, rye (2023)
Economy: Average household expenditures: on alcohol and tobacco
4.4% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Economy: Average household expenditures: on food
12.3% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Economy: Budget: expenditures
$131.978 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Budget: revenues
$126.337 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2013
-$5.070 billion (2013 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2014
-$3.837 billion (2014 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2015
-$2.128 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2016
-$4.733 billion (2016 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2017
-$1.558 billion (2017 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2018
-$4.486 billion (2018 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2019
-$413.9 million (2019 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2020
$1.431 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2021
$961.1 million (2021 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2022
-$7.026 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2023
-$1.58 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2024
$930.393 million (2024 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates
0.923890 (2024 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Currency
euros (EUR) per US dollar -
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2013
0.752945 (2013 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2014
0.752728 (2014 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2015
0.901296 (2015 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2016
0.903421 (2016 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2017
0.885206 (2017 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2018
0.846773 (2018 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2019
0.893276 (2019 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2020
0.875506 (2020 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2021
0.845494 (2021 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2022
0.949624 (2022 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2023
0.924840 (2023 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2024
0.923890 (2024 est.)
Economy: Exports - commodities
paper, refined petroleum, steel, wood pulp, ships (2023)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2011
$107.210 billion (2011 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2014
$100.657 billion (2014 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2015
$83.446 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2016
$84.368 billion (2016 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2017
$96.884 billion (2017 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2018
$107.218 billion (2018 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2019
$108.457 billion (2019 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2020
$97.779 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2021
$117.459 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2022
$129.389 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2023
$127.098 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2024
$124.531 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: exports of goods and services
43.1% (2023 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: government consumption
25.6% (2023 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption
53.4% (2023 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: imports of goods and services
-42.8% (2023 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: investment in fixed capital
23.4% (2023 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: investment in inventories
-0.4% (2023 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture
2.5% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by sector of origin: industry
22.1% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by sector of origin: services
62.9% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - per capita (PPP)
$65,378 (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP (official exchange rate)
$299.836 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP (purchasing power parity) - real
$367.421 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2015
27.1 (2015 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2016
27.1 (2016 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017
27.4 (2017 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018
27.3 (2018 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2019
27.7 (2019 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2020
27.1 (2020 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2021
27.7 (2021 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022
27.9 (2022 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2023
27.4 (2023 est.)
Economy: Household income or consumption by percentage share: highest 10%
23.1% (2022 est.)
Economy: Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%
3.8% (2022 est.)
Economy: Imports - commodities
crude petroleum, cars, refined petroleum, packaged medicine, broadcasting equipment (2023)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2010
$92.409 billion (2010 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2015
$84.376 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2016
$86.889 billion (2016 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2017
$95.884 billion (2017 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2018
$109.532 billion (2018 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2019
$106.661 billion (2019 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2020
$97.120 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2021
$117.299 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2022
$135.119 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2023
$126.175 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2024
$122.644 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: Industrial production growth rate
-2.2% (2024 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2015
-0.21% (2015 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2016
0.36% (2016 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017
0.75% (2017 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018
1.08% (2018 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019
1.02% (2019 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020
0.29% (2020 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021
2.19% (2021 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022
7.12% (2022 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023
6.25% (2023 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024
1.57% (2024 est.)
Economy: Labor force
2.898 million (2024 est.)
Economy: Population below poverty line
12.20% (2022 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2017
61.3% of GDP (2017 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2014
$226.910 billion (2014 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2015
$231.553 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2016
$244.884 billion (2016 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017
$260.180 billion (2017 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019
$288.648 billion (2019 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020
$294.706 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021
$314.676 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022
$317.078 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023
$314.075 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024
$313.591 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2015
0.47% (2015 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2016
2.57% (2016 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2017
3.30% (2017 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2018
1.19% (2018 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2019
1.35% (2019 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2020
-2.49% (2020 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2021
2.68% (2021 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2022
0.76% (2022 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2023
-0.94% (2023 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2024
-0.2% (2024 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2014
$41,547 (2014 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2015
$42,258 (2015 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2016
$44,562 (2016 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2017
$47,235 (2017 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2019
$52,276 (2019 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2020
$53,297 (2020 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2021
$56,790 (2021 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2022
$62,133 (2022 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2023
$63,415 (2023 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2013
$1.073 billion (2013 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2014
$1.069 billion (2014 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2015
$865.4 million (2015 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2020
$598.1 million (2020 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2021
$667.4 million (2021 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2022
0.2% of GDP (2022 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2023
0.3% of GDP (2023 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2024
0.2% of GDP (2024 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2015
$10.016 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2016
$10.465 billion (2016 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2017
$10.507 billion (2017 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2018
$10.309 billion (2018 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2019
$11.427 billion (2019 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2020
$13.480 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021
$16.744 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022
$16.036 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023
$16.929 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024
$17.993 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: Taxes and other revenues
25.4% (of GDP) (2023 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2019
6.70% (2019 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2020
7.76% (2020 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2021
7.62% (2021 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2022
6.72% (2022 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2023
7.15% (2023 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2024
8.40% (2024 est.)
Economy: Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): female
18.3% (2024 est.)
Economy: Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): male
20% (2024 est.)
Economy: Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): total
19.2% (2024 est.)
Energy: Coal: consumption
3.933 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: exports
113,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: imports
2.624 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: production
811,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity access: electrification - total population
100% (2022 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: biomass and waste
13.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: fossil fuels
5.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: hydroelectricity
19.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: nuclear
41.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: solar
0.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: wind
18.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: consumption
77.419 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: exports
7.883 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: imports
9.644 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: installed generating capacity
26.782 million kW (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: transmission/distribution losses
2.721 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Energy consumption per capita: Total energy consumption per capita 2023
183.54 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: consumption
1.55 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: exports
479.457 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: imports
2.112 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Energy: Nuclear energy: Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors
4.37GW (2025 est.)
Energy: Nuclear energy: Number of operational nuclear reactors
5 (2025)
Energy: Nuclear energy: Percent of total electricity production
42% (2025 est.)
Energy: Petroleum: refined petroleum consumption
172,000 bbl/day (2024 est.)
Energy: Petroleum: total petroleum production
8,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: from coal and metallurgical coke
7.536 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: from consumed natural gas
2.989 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: from petroleum and other liquids
23.069 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: total emissions
33.594 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Climate
cold temperate; potentially subarctic but comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes
Environment: Environmental issues
limited air pollution in urban centers; some water pollution from industrial wastes, agricultural chemicals; habitat loss threatens wildlife populations
Environment: Geoparks: global geoparks and regional networks
Impact Crater Lake - Lappajarvi; Rokua; Lauhanvuori-Haemeenkangas; Saimaa; Salpausselka (2024)
Environment: Geoparks: total global geoparks and regional networks
4 (2024)
Environment: International environmental agreements: party to
Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
Environment: International environmental agreements: signed, but not ratified
none of the selected agreements
Environment: Land use: agricultural land
7.4% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 7.4% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 0% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 0% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: forest
74.2% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: other
18.4% (2023 est.)
Environment: Particulate matter emissions
6 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Environment: Total renewable water resources
110 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Environment: Total water withdrawal: agricultural
1 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Environment: Total water withdrawal: industrial
1.299 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Environment: Total water withdrawal: municipal
500 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
Environment: Urbanization: rate of urbanization
0.42% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Environment: Urbanization: urban population
74.26% (2024 est.)
Environment: Waste and recycling: municipal solid waste generated annually
3.124 million tons (2024 est.)
Environment: Waste and recycling: percent of municipal solid waste recycled
35.4% (2022 est.)
Geography: Area - comparative
slightly more than two times the size of Georgia; slightly smaller than Montana
Geography: Area: land
303,815 sq km
Geography: Area: water
34,330 sq km
Geography: Coastline
1,250 km
Geography: Elevation: highest point
Halti (alternatively Haltia, Haltitunturi, Haltiatunturi) 1,328 m
Geography: Elevation: lowest point
Baltic Sea 0 m
Geography: Elevation: mean elevation
164 m
Geography: Geographic coordinates
64 00 N, 26 00 E
Geography: Geography - note
long boundary with Russia; Helsinki is northernmost national capital on European continent; population concentrated on small southwestern coastal plain
Geography: Irrigated land
80 sq km (2016)
Geography: Land boundaries: border countries
Norway 709 km; Sweden 545 km; Russia 1,309 km
Geography: Land boundaries: total
2,563 km
Geography: Land use: agricultural land
7.4% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 7.4% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 0% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 0% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: forest
74.2% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: other
18.4% (2023 est.)
Geography: Major lakes (area sq km): fresh water lake(s)
Saimaa - 1,760 sq km; Paijanne - 1,090 sq km; Inarijarvi - 1,000 sq km; Oulujarvi - 900 sq km; Pielinen - 850 sq km
Geography: Map references
Europe
Geography: Maritime claims: contiguous zone
24 nm
Geography: Maritime claims: continental shelf
200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Geography: Maritime claims: exclusive fishing zone
12 nm; extends to continental shelf boundary with Sweden, Estonia, and Russia
Geography: Maritime claims: territorial sea
12 nm (in the Gulf of Finland - 3 nm)
Geography: Natural hazards
severe winters in the north
Geography: Population distribution
the vast majority of people are found in the south; the northern interior areas remain sparsely populated
Geography: Terrain
mostly low, flat to rolling plains interspersed with lakes and low hills
Government: Administrative divisions
19 regions ( maakunnat , singular - maakunta (Finnish); landskapen , singular - landskapet (Swedish)); Aland (Swedish), Ahvenanmaa (Finnish); Etela-Karjala (Finnish), Sodra Karelen (Swedish) [South Karelia]; Etela-Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Sodra Osterbotten (Swedish) [South Ostrobothnia]; Etela-Savo (Finnish), Sodra Savolax (Swedish) [South Savo]; Kanta-Hame (Finnish), Egentliga Tavastland (Swedish); Kainuu (Finnish), Kajanaland (Swedish); Keski-Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Mellersta Osterbotten (Swedish) [Central Ostrobothnia]; Keski-Suomi (Finnish), Mellersta Finland (Swedish) [Central Finland]; Kymenlaakso (Finnish), Kymmenedalen (Swedish); Lappi (Finnish), Lappland (Swedish); Paijat-Hame (Finnish), Paijanne-Tavastland (Swedish); Pirkanmaa (Finnish), Birkaland (Swedish) [Tampere]; Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Osterbotten (Swedish) [Ostrobothnia]; Pohjois-Karjala (Finnish), Norra Karelen (Swedish) [North Karelia]; Pohjois-Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Norra Osterbotten (Swedish) [North Ostrobothnia]; Pohjois-Savo (Finnish), Norra Savolax (Swedish) [North Savo]; Satakunta (Finnish and Swedish); Uusimaa (Finnish), Nyland (Swedish) [Newland]; Varsinais-Suomi (Finnish), Egentliga Finland (Swedish) [Southwest Finland]
Government: Capital: daylight saving time
+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Government: Capital: etymology
the modern name is a Finnish derivation; King Gustav VASA of Sweden founded the city in 1550 as Helsingfors; the name came from Helsing , the Old Norwegian name for a local people, and the word fors , or "waterfall," referring to a waterfall at the city's original location on the Vantaa River
Government: Capital: geographic coordinates
60 10 N, 24 56 E
Government: Capital: time difference
UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Government: Citizenship: citizenship by birth
no
Government: Citizenship: citizenship by descent only
at least one parent must be a citizen of Finland
Government: Citizenship: dual citizenship recognized
yes
Government: Citizenship: residency requirement for naturalization
6 years
Government: Constitution: amendment process
proposed by Parliament; passage normally requires simple majority vote in two readings in the first parliamentary session and at least two-thirds majority vote in a single reading by the newly elected Parliament; proposals declared "urgent" by five-sixths of Parliament members can be passed by at least two-thirds majority vote in the first parliamentary session only
Government: Constitution: history
previous 1906, 1919; latest drafted 17 June 1997, approved by Parliament 11 June 1999, entered into force 1 March 2000
Government: Country name: conventional short form
Finland
Government: Country name: etymology
name derives from the Finns, an ethnic group in northeastern Europe; their name comes from the Germanic word finna , meaning "fish scale;" the local name, Suomi, may come from two local words: suo , meaning "marsh," and maa , meaning "land"
Government: Country name: local long form
Suomen tasavalta (Finnish)/ Republiken Finland (Swedish)
Government: Country name: local short form
Suomi (Finnish)/ Finland (Swedish)
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission
Ambassador Howard W. BRODIE (since 13 November 2025)
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: email address and website
HelsinkiACS@state.gov https://fi.usembassy.gov/
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: embassy
Itainen Puistotie 14 B, 00140 Helsinki
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: FAX
[358] (9) 174-681
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: mailing address
5310 Helsinki Place, Washington DC 20521-5310
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: telephone
[358] (9) 616-250
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: chancery
3301 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission
Ambassador Leena-Kaisa MIKKOLA (since 18 September 2024)
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: consulate(s) general
Los Angeles, New York
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: email address and website
sanomat.WAS@gov.fi https://finlandabroad.fi/web/usa/mission
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: FAX
[1] (202) 298-6030
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: telephone
[1] (202) 298-5800
Government: Executive branch: cabinet
Council of State or Valtioneuvosto appointed by the president, responsible to Parliament
Government: Executive branch: chief of state
President Alexander STUBB (since 1 March 2024)
Government: Executive branch: election results
2024: Alexander STUBB elected in the second round; percent of vote in the first round - Alexander STUBB (KoK) 27.2%, Pekka HAAVISTO (Vihr) 25.8%, Jussi HALLA-AHO (PS) 19.0%, Olli REHN (Kesk) 15.3%; percent of vote in second round - STUBB 51.6%, HAAVISTO 48.4% 2018: Sauli NIINISTO reelected president; percent of vote - Sauli NIINISTO (independent) 62.7%, Pekka HAAVISTO (Vihr) 12.4%, Laura HUHTASAARI (PS) 6.9%, Paavo VAYRYNEN (independent) 6.2%, Matti VANHANEN (Kesk) 4.1%, other 7.7%
Government: Executive branch: election/appointment process
president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 6-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister appointed by Parliament
Government: Executive branch: expected date of next election
by 28 January 2030
Government: Executive branch: head of government
Prime Minister Petteri ORPO (since 20 June 2023)
Government: Executive branch: most recent election date
28 January 2024, with a runoff on 11 February 2024
Government: Flag
description: white with a blue cross extending to the edges of the flag; the cross is shifted to the left in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag) meaning: the blue stands for the country's thousands of lakes, and the white for snow
Government: International law organization participation
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Government: International organization participation
ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CD, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-9, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PFP, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNMOGIP, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UNSOM, UNTSO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Government: Judicial branch: highest court(s)
Supreme Court or Korkein Oikeus (consists of the court president and 18 judges); Supreme Administrative Court (consists of 21 judges, including the court president; organized into 3 chambers)
Government: Judicial branch: judge selection and term of office
Supreme Court and Supreme Administrative Court judges appointed by the president of the republic; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 68
Government: Judicial branch: subordinate courts
6 Courts of Appeal; 8 regional administrative courts; 27 district courts; special courts for issues relating to markets, labor, insurance, impeachment, land, tenancy, and water rights
Government: Legal system
civil law system based on the Swedish model
Government: Legislative branch: electoral system
proportional representation
Government: Legislative branch: expected date of next election
April 2027
Government: Legislative branch: legislative structure
unicameral
Government: Legislative branch: legislature name
Parliament (Eduskunta - Riksdagen)
Government: Legislative branch: most recent election date
4/2/2023
Government: Legislative branch: number of seats
200 (all directly elected)
Government: Legislative branch: parties elected and seats per party
National Coalition Party (KOK) (48); The Finns Party (PS) (46); Social Democratic Party (SDP) (43); Center Party (KESK) (23); The Greens (13); Left Alliance (Vas) (11); Other (16)
Government: Legislative branch: percentage of women in chamber
45.5%
Government: Legislative branch: scope of elections
full renewal
Government: Legislative branch: term in office
4 years
Government: National anthem(s): history
in use since 1848; although never officially adopted, the anthem has been popular since a student group first sang it in 1848
Government: National anthem(s): lyrics/music
Paavo Eemil KAJANDER, Johan Ludvig RUNEBERG/Fredrik PACIUS
Government: National color(s)
blue, white
Government: National heritage: selected World Heritage Site locales
Fortress of Suomenlinna (c); Old Rauma (c); Petäjävesi Old Church (c); Verla Groundwood and Board Mill (c); Bronze Age Burial Site of Sammallahdenmäki (c); High Coast / Kvarken Archipelago (n); Struve Geodetic Arc (c)
Government: National heritage: total World Heritage Sites
7 (6 cultural, 1 natural)
Government: National holiday
Independence Day, 6 December (1917)
Government: National symbol(s)
lion
Government: Political parties
Aland Coalition (a coalition of several political parties on the Aland Islands) Center Party or Kesk Christian Democrats or KD Finns Party or PS Green League or Vihr Left Alliance or Vas Movement Now or Liike Nyt National Coalition Party or Kok Social Democratic Party or SDP Swedish People's Party or RKP or SFP
Government: Suffrage
18 years of age; universal
Introduction: Background
Finland was a province and then a grand duchy under Sweden from the 12th to the 19th centuries and an autonomous grand duchy of Russia after 1809. It gained complete independence in 1917. During World War II, Finland successfully defended its independence through cooperation with Germany and resisted subsequent invasions by the Soviet Union, albeit with some loss of territory. During the next half-century, Finland transformed from a farm/forest economy to a diversified modern industrial economy; per-capita income is among the highest in Western Europe. A member of the EU since 1995, Finland was the only Nordic state to join the euro single currency at its initiation in January 1999. In the 21st century, the key features of Finland's modern welfare state are high-quality education, promotion of equality, and a national social welfare system, although the system is currently facing the challenges of an aging population and the fluctuations of an export-driven economy. Following Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Finland opted to join NATO; it became the organization's 31st member in April 2023.
Military and Security: Military - note
the Finnish Defense Forces (FDF) are focused primarily on territorial defense, which is based on having a large, trained reserve force created by general conscription; other FDF responsibilities include support to international peacekeeping operations and some domestic security duties, such as assisting the National Police in maintaining law and order in crises the FDF is also focused on fulfilling its commitment to NATO; following Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Finland applied for NATO membership, gaining entry in April 2023; Finland had been part of NATO’s Partnership for Peace program since 1994 and participated in NATO-led military missions in the Balkans, Afghanistan, and Iraq; in 2024, it joined NATO's Air Policing mission in Eastern Europe Finland is a signatory of the EU’s Common Security and Defense Policy and actively participates in EU crisis management missions and operations; the FDF also cooperates closely with the militaries of other Nordic countries through the Nordic Defense Cooperation structure (NORDEFCO; established 2009), which consists of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden and involves cooperation in such areas as armaments, education, human resources, training and exercises, and operations; Sweden, the UK, and the US are close bi-lateral defense partners; in 2022, Finland signed a mutual security agreement with the UK, and since 2014 has been part of the UK-led Joint Expeditionary Force, a pool of high-readiness military forces from 10 Baltic and Scandinavian countries designed to respond to a wide range of contingencies in the North Atlantic, Baltic Sea, and High North regions (2025)
Military and Security: Military and security forces
Finnish Defense Forces (FDF; Puolustusvoimat): Army (Maavoimat), Navy (Merivoimat), Air Force (Ilmavoimat) (2025)
Military and Security: Military and security service personnel strengths
approximately 31,000 active-duty military personnel (2025)
Military and Security: Military deployments
165 Lebanon (UNIFIL); Finland also contributes to several ongoing EU and NATO missions (2025)
Military and Security: Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the military's inventory consists of a mix of modern European, Israeli, South Korean, US, and domestically produced weapons systems; the Finnish defense industry produces a variety of military equipment, including wheeled armored vehicles and naval vessels; Finland also cooperates with other European countries and the US in the joint production of armaments (2025)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2015
1.46% (2015 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2016
1.43% (2016 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2017
1.36% (2017 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2018
1.37% (2018 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2019
1.36% (2019 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2020
1.44% (2020 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2021
1.30% (2021 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2022
1.59% (2022 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2023
2.01% (2023 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2024
2.30% (2024 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2025
2.8% of GDP (2025 est.)
Military and Security: Military service age and obligation
all Finnish men are obligated to serve 5.5-12 months of service within a branch of the military or the Border Guard upon reaching the age of 18 (length of service depends on the type of duty); women 18-29 may volunteer for service; there is also an option to perform non-military service which lasts for 8.5 or 11.5 months; after completing their initial conscript obligation, individuals enter the reserves and remain eligible for mobilization until the age of 50 for rank-and-file and 60 for non-commissioned and commissioned officers (2025)
People and Society: Age structure: 0-14 years
16.2% (male 464,939/female 444,585)
People and Society: Age structure: 15-64 years
60.3% (male 1,725,072/female 1,668,604)
People and Society: Age structure: 65 years and over
23.5% (2024 est.) (male 583,645/female 739,569)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: beer
3.76 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: other alcohols
0.91 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: spirits
1.96 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: total
8.23 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: wine
1.59 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Birth rate
7.75 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
People and Society: Child marriage: women married by age 18
0.1% (2017)
People and Society: Current health expenditure
10.47% (2023 est.)
People and Society: Currently married women (ages 15-49)
57.1% (2023 est.)
People and Society: Death rate
11.01 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: elderly dependency ratio
39 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: potential support ratio
2.6 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio
62.3 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: youth dependency ratio
23.3 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: improved: rural
rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: improved: total
total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: improved: urban
urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: unimproved: rural
rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: unimproved: total
total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: unimproved: urban
urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Education expenditure: Education expenditure (% GDP)
6.4% of GDP (2022 est.)
People and Society: Education expenditure: Education expenditure (% national budget)
12.1% national budget (2022 est.)
People and Society: Education expenditures
6.38% (2022 est.)
People and Society: Ethnic groups
Finnish, Swedish, Russian, Estonian, Romani, Sami
People and Society: Gross reproduction rate
0.63 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Health expenditure: Health expenditure (as % of GDP)
10.2% of GDP (2021)
People and Society: Health expenditure: Health expenditure (as % of national budget)
14.8% of national budget (2022 est.)
People and Society: Hospital bed density
2.6 beds/1,000 population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Infant mortality rate: female
1.9 deaths/1,000 live births
People and Society: Infant mortality rate: male
2.3 deaths/1,000 live births
People and Society: Infant mortality rate: total
1.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)
People and Society: Languages: Languages
Finnish (official) 85.9%, Swedish (official) 5.2%, Russian 1.7%, other 7.2% (2022 est.)
People and Society: Languages: major-language sample(s)
World Factbook, korvaamaton perustietolähde. (Finnish) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
People and Society: Life expectancy at birth: female
85.0 years (2024 est.)
People and Society: Life expectancy at birth: male
79.8 years (2024 est.)
People and Society: Major urban areas - population
1.338 million HELSINKI (capital) (2023)
People and Society: Maternal mortality ratio
8 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
People and Society: Median age: female
44.9 years
People and Society: Median age: male
41.8 years
People and Society: Mother's mean age at first birth
29.5 years (2020 est.)
People and Society: Nationality: adjective
Finnish
People and Society: Net migration rate
3.44 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
People and Society: Obesity - adult prevalence rate
22.2% (2016)
People and Society: Physician density
3.61 physicians/1,000 population (2021)
People and Society: Population
5,619,911 (2024 est.)
People and Society: Population distribution
the vast majority of people are found in the south; the northern interior areas remain sparsely populated
People and Society: Population growth rate
0.02% (2025 est.)
People and Society: Population: female
2,800,392
People and Society: Population: male
2,750,057
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: improved: rural
rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: improved: total
total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: improved: urban
urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: unimproved: rural
rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: unimproved: total
total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: unimproved: urban
urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): female
21 years (2023 est.)
People and Society: School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): male
18 years (2023 est.)
People and Society: School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total
20 years (2023 est.)
People and Society: Sex ratio: 0-14 years
1.05 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: 15-64 years
1.03 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: 65 years and over
0.79 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: at birth
1.05 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: total population
0.97 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
People and Society: Tobacco use: female
14.3% (2025 est.)
People and Society: Tobacco use: male
21.7% (2025 est.)
People and Society: Tobacco use: total
18% (2025 est.)
People and Society: Total fertility rate
1.25 children born/woman (2024 est.)
People and Society: Urbanization: rate of urbanization
0.42% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
People and Society: Urbanization: urban population
74.26% (2024 est.)
Terrorism: Terrorist group(s)
Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)
Transnational Issues: Refugees and internally displaced persons: refugees
97,568 (2024 est.)
Transnational Issues: Refugees and internally displaced persons: stateless persons
1,326 (2024 est.)
Transportation: Airports
98 (2025)
Transportation: Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
OH
Transportation: Heliports
17 (2025)
Transportation: Merchant marine: by type
bulk carrier 9, general cargo 75, oil tanker 4, other 194
Transportation: Merchant marine: total
282 (2023)
Transportation: Ports: key ports
Helsinki, Kaskinen, Kokkola, Kotka, Kristinestad, Mantyluoto, Oulu, Pietarsaari, Pori, Rauma, Turku, Vaasa
Transportation: Ports: large
5
Transportation: Ports: medium
7
Transportation: Ports: ports with oil terminals
21
Transportation: Ports: small
11
Transportation: Ports: total ports
37 (2024)
Transportation: Ports: very small
14
Transportation: Railways: total
5,918 km (2020) 3,349 km electrified
Warning: Some information might be outdated or incorrect, please check statistics before using(most of the economical stats are correct, its mostly the Population stats that are incorrect). Some dates are listed but some are missed, if you have any issues please report it to the Github at github.com.