Communications: Broadband - fixed subscriptions: subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
12 (2023 est.)
Communications: Broadband - fixed subscriptions: total
13.6 million (2023 est.)
Communications: Broadcast media
mix of state-run and private broadcast media; state-run TV operates 2 national and 6 regional terrestrial networks, as well as a few satellite channels; dozens of private satellite channels and a large number of Arabic satellite channels are available for free; some limited satellite services are also available via subscription; state-run radio operates about 30 stations belonging to 8 networks; privately-owned radio includes 8 major stations (2019)
Communications: Internet country code
.eg
Communications: Internet users: percent of population
74.65% (2024 est.)
Communications: Telephones - fixed lines: subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
11 (2024 est.)
Communications: Telephones - fixed lines: total subscriptions
13.3 million (2024 est.)
Communications: Telephones - mobile cellular: subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
97 (2024 est.)
Communications: Telephones - mobile cellular: total subscriptions
113 million (2024 est.)
Economy: Agricultural products
sugarcane, sugar beets, wheat, maize, potatoes, tomatoes, rice, milk, onions, oranges (2023)
Economy: Average household expenditures: on alcohol and tobacco
4.6% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Economy: Average household expenditures: on food
36.9% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Economy: Budget: expenditures
$96.057 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Budget: revenues
$69.999 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2013
-$3.534 billion (2013 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2014
-$5.955 billion (2014 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2015
-$17.243 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2016
-$20.494 billion (2016 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2017
-$7.940 billion (2017 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2018
-$7.698 billion (2018 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2019
-$10.222 billion (2019 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2020
-$14.236 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2021
-$18.611 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2022
-$10.537 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2023
-$12.564 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2024
-$22.122 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: Debt - external: Debt - external 2022
$163.111 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Debt - external: Debt - external 2023
$117.272 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates
45.2993 (2024 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Currency
Egyptian pounds (EGP) per US dollar -
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2013
6.8703 (2013 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2014
7.0776 (2014 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2015
7.6913 (2015 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2016
10.0254 (2016 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2017
17.7825 (2017 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2018
17.7673 (2018 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2019
16.7706 (2019 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2020
15.7592 (2020 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2021
15.6445 (2021 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2022
19.1604 (2022 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2023
30.6264 (2023 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2024
45.2993 (2024 est.)
Economy: Exports - commodities
refined petroleum, natural gas, fertilizers, garments, crude petroleum (2023)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2011
$48.537 billion (2011 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2014
$43.529 billion (2014 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2015
$43.423 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2016
$34.393 billion (2016 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2017
$37.289 billion (2017 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2018
$47.226 billion (2018 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2019
$53.041 billion (2019 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2020
$47.873 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2021
$58.339 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2022
$76.295 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2023
$68.218 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2024
$63.713 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: exports of goods and services
16.4% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: government consumption
6.3% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption
87.6% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: imports of goods and services
-23.2% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: investment in fixed capital
11.7% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: investment in inventories
1.3% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture
13.7% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by sector of origin: industry
32.6% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by sector of origin: services
48.9% (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - per capita (PPP)
$19,094 (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP (official exchange rate)
$389.06 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP (purchasing power parity) - real
$2.225 trillion (2024 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2015
31.8 (2015 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017
31.5 (2017 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2019
31.9 (2019 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2021
28.5 (2021 est.)
Economy: Household income or consumption by percentage share: highest 10%
24.6% (2021 est.)
Economy: Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%
4.2% (2021 est.)
Economy: Imports - commodities
refined petroleum, wheat, plastics, natural gas, packaged medicine (2023)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2010
$58.221 billion (2010 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2015
$71.348 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2016
$66.160 billion (2016 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2017
$69.090 billion (2017 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2018
$73.331 billion (2018 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2019
$78.013 billion (2019 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2020
$75.434 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2021
$94.039 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2022
$97.144 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2023
$82.265 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2024
$90.357 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: Industrial production growth rate
-1.9% (2024 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2015
10.37% (2015 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2016
13.81% (2016 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017
29.51% (2017 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018
14.40% (2018 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019
9.15% (2019 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020
5.04% (2020 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021
5.21% (2021 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022
13.90% (2022 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023
33.88% (2023 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024
28.27% (2024 est.)
Economy: Labor force
33.749 million (2024 est.)
Economy: Population below poverty line
33.50% (2021 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2017
103% of GDP (2017 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2014
$1.000 trillion (2014 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2015
$1.086 trillion (2015 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2016
$1.084 trillion (2016 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017
$1.154 trillion (2017 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019
$1.437 trillion (2019 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020
$1.665 trillion (2020 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021
$1.729 trillion (2021 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022
$1.842 trillion (2022 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023
$1.912 trillion (2023 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024
$1.958 trillion (2024 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2015
4.37% (2015 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2016
4.35% (2016 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2017
4.18% (2017 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2018
5.33% (2018 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2019
5.55% (2019 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2020
3.55% (2020 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2021
3.29% (2021 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2022
6.59% (2022 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2023
3.76% (2023 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2024
2.40% (2024 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2014
$10,256 (2014 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2015
$10,903 (2015 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2016
$10,666 (2016 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2017
$11,125 (2017 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2019
$13,364 (2019 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2020
$15,232 (2020 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2021
$15,579 (2021 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2022
$17,527 (2022 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2023
$18,525 (2023 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2013
$17.833 billion (2013 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2014
$19.570 billion (2014 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2015
$18.325 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2020
$29.603 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2021
7.4% of GDP (2021 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2022
5.9% of GDP (2022 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2023
4.9% of GDP (2023 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2024
$29.559 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2015
$15.859 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2016
$23.643 billion (2016 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2017
$36.400 billion (2017 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2018
$41.839 billion (2018 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2019
$44.569 billion (2019 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2020
$38.973 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021
$39.824 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022
$32.144 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023
$33.07 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024
$44.921 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: Taxes and other revenues
12.5% (of GDP) (2015 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2019
7.85% (2019 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2020
7.97% (2020 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2021
7.44% (2021 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2022
6.55% (2022 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2023
6.75% (2023 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2024
6.82% (2024 est.)
Economy: Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): female
47.1% (2024 est.)
Economy: Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): male
12.4% (2024 est.)
Economy: Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): total
18.7% (2024 est.)
Energy: Coal: consumption
3.262 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: exports
68,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: imports
3.263 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: production
69,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: proven reserves
182 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity access: electrification - total population
100% (2022 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: biomass and waste
0.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: fossil fuels
87.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: hydroelectricity
7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: solar
2.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: wind
2.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: consumption
162.026 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: exports
1.785 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: imports
187 million kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: installed generating capacity
59.68 million kW (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: transmission/distribution losses
45.67 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Energy consumption per capita: Total energy consumption per capita 2023
34.975 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: consumption
58.695 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: exports
5.344 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: imports
9.126 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: production
57.181 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: proven reserves
1.784 trillion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Energy: Nuclear energy: Number of nuclear reactors under construction
4 (2025)
Energy: Petroleum: crude oil estimated reserves
3.3 billion barrels (2021 est.)
Energy: Petroleum: refined petroleum consumption
830,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Energy: Petroleum: total petroleum production
667,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: from coal and metallurgical coke
6.966 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: from consumed natural gas
115.144 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: from petroleum and other liquids
114.507 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: total emissions
236.618 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Climate
desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters
Environment: Environmental issues
rapid growth in population straining natural resources; increasing soil salination below Aswan High Dam; desertification; oil pollution in coastal ecosystems; water pollution from agricultural pesticides, raw sewage, and industrial effluents; limited natural freshwater resources away from the Nile
Environment: International environmental agreements: party to
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
Environment: International environmental agreements: signed, but not ratified
Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban
Environment: Land use: agricultural land
4.1% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 3.1% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 1% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 0% (2022 est.)
Environment: Land use: forest
0% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: other
95.9% (2023 est.)
Environment: Methane emissions: agriculture
548.9 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Environment: Methane emissions: energy
690.8 kt (2022-2024 est.)
Environment: Methane emissions: other
9.2 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Environment: Methane emissions: waste
874 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Environment: Particulate matter emissions
66.4 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Environment: Total renewable water resources
57.5 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Environment: Total water withdrawal: agricultural
61.35 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Environment: Total water withdrawal: industrial
5.4 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Environment: Total water withdrawal: municipal
10.75 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Environment: Urbanization: rate of urbanization
1.9% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Environment: Urbanization: urban population
42.80% (2024 est.)
Environment: Waste and recycling: municipal solid waste generated annually
21 million tons (2024 est.)
Environment: Waste and recycling: percent of municipal solid waste recycled
26.6% (2022 est.)
Geography: Area - comparative
more than eight times the size of Ohio; slightly more than three times the size of New Mexico
Geography: Area: land
995,450 sq km
Geography: Area: water
6,000 sq km
Geography: Coastline
2,450 km
Geography: Elevation: highest point
Mount Catherine 2,629 m
Geography: Elevation: lowest point
Qattara Depression -133 m
Geography: Elevation: mean elevation
321 m
Geography: Geographic coordinates
27 00 N, 30 00 E
Geography: Geography - note
controls Sinai Peninsula, the only land bridge between Africa and remainder of Eastern Hemisphere; controls Suez Canal, a sea link between Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea
Geography: Irrigated land
36,500 sq km (2012)
Geography: Land boundaries: border countries
Gaza Strip 13 km; Israel 208 km; Libya 1,115 km; Sudan 1,276 km
Geography: Land boundaries: total
2,612 km
Geography: Land use: agricultural land
4.1% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 3.1% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 1% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 0% (2022 est.)
Geography: Land use: forest
0% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: other
95.9% (2023 est.)
Geography: Major aquifers
Nubian Aquifer System
Geography: Major lakes (area sq km): salt water lake(s)
Lake Manzala - 1,360 sq km note - largest of Nile Delta lakes
Geography: Major rivers (by length in km)
An Nīl (Nile) river mouth (shared with Rwanda [s], Tanzania, Uganda, South Sudan, and Sudan) - 6,650 km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Geography: Major watersheds (area sq km): Atlantic Ocean drainage
(Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 sq km)
Geography: Map references
Africa
Geography: Maritime claims: contiguous zone
24 nm
Geography: Maritime claims: continental shelf
200 nm
Geography: Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone
200 nm or the equidistant median line with Cyprus
Geography: Maritime claims: territorial sea
12 nm
Geography: Natural hazards
periodic droughts; frequent earthquakes; flash floods; landslides; hot, driving windstorms called khamsin occur in spring; dust storms; sandstorms
Geography: Population distribution
approximately 95% of the population lives within 20 km (12 mi) of the Nile River and its delta; vast areas of the country remain sparsely populated or uninhabited, as shown in this population distribution map
Geography: Terrain
vast desert plateau interrupted by Nile valley and delta
Government: Administrative divisions
27 governorates ( muhafazat , singular - muhafazat ); Ad Daqahliyah, Al Bahr al Ahmar (Red Sea), Al Buhayrah, Al Fayyum, Al Gharbiyah, Al Iskandariyah (Alexandria), Al Isma'iliyah (Ismailia), Al Jizah (Giza), Al Minufiyah, Al Minya, Al Qahirah (Cairo), Al Qalyubiyah, Al Uqsur (Luxor), Al Wadi al Jadid (New Valley), As Suways (Suez), Ash Sharqiyah, Aswan, Asyut, Bani Suwayf, Bur Sa'id (Port Said), Dumyat (Damietta), Janub Sina' (South Sinai), Kafr ash Shaykh, Matruh, Qina, Shamal Sina' (North Sinai), Suhaj
Government: Capital: daylight saving time
+1hr, begins last Friday in April; ends last Friday in October
Government: Capital: etymology
the ancient Egyptian name of the original city was Khere-ohe or Kheri-aha; the modern city's name may also derive from the Arabic al-qahir , meaning "the victorious;" this is an Arabic name for the planet Mars, which was in the ascendant on the day in 969 A.D. when construction on the new part of the city began
Government: Capital: geographic coordinates
30 03 N, 31 15 E
Government: Capital: time difference
UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Government: Citizenship: citizenship by birth
no
Government: Citizenship: citizenship by descent only
if the father was born in Egypt
Government: Citizenship: dual citizenship recognized
only with prior permission from the government
Government: Citizenship: residency requirement for naturalization
10 years
Government: Constitution: amendment process
proposed by the president of the republic or by one fifth of the House of Representatives members; a decision to accept the proposal requires majority vote by House members; passage of amendment requires a two-thirds majority vote by House members and passage by majority vote in a referendum; articles of reelection of the president and principles of freedom are not amendable unless the amendment "brings more guarantees"
Government: Constitution: history
several previous; latest approved by a constitutional committee in December 2013, approved by referendum held on 14-15 January 2014, ratified by interim president on 19 January 2014
Government: Country name: conventional short form
Egypt
Government: Country name: etymology
the English name Egypt derives from the ancient Greek name for the country, "Aguptos," and the ancient Roman name, "Aegyptus," with the Greek form coming from the words aia gupos , or "land of the vulture;" the Arabic name for the country, Misr, can be traced to the Assyrian word misir , meaning "fort"
Government: Country name: former
United Arab Republic (short-lived unification with Syria)
Government: Country name: local long form
Jumhuriyat Misr al-Arabiyah
Government: Country name: local short form
Misr
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission
Ambassador Herro MUSTAFA GARG (since 15 November 2023)
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: consulate(s) general
Alexandria
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: email address and website
ConsularCairoACS@state.gov https://eg.usembassy.gov/
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: embassy
5 Tawfik Diab St., Garden City, Cairo
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: FAX
[20-2] 2797-3200
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: mailing address
7700 Cairo Place, Washington DC 20512-7700
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: telephone
[20-2] 2797-3300
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: chancery
3521 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission
Ambassador Motaz Mounir ZAHRAN (since 17 September 2020)
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: consulate(s) general
Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: email address and website
embassy@egyptembassy.net https://www.egyptembassy.net/
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: FAX
(202) 244-4319
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: telephone
[1] (202) 895-5400
Government: Executive branch: cabinet
Cabinet ministers nominated by the executive branch and approved by the House of Representatives
Government: Executive branch: chief of state
President Abdel Fattah EL-SISI (since 8 June 2014)
Government: Executive branch: election results
2023: Abdel Fattah EL-SISI reelected president in first round; percent of valid votes cast - Abdel Fattah EL-SISI (independent) 89.6%, Hazam OMAR (Republican People’s Party) 4.5%, Farid ZAHRAN (Egyptian Social Democratic Party 4%, Abdel-Samad YAMAMA 1.9% 2018: Abdelfattah ELSISI reelected president in first round; percent of valid votes cast - Abdelfattah ELSISI (independent) 97.1%, Moussa Mostafa MOUSSA (El Ghad Party) 2.9%; note - more than 7% of ballots cast were deemed invalid
Government: Executive branch: election/appointment process
president elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 6-year term (eligible for 3 consecutive terms); prime minister appointed by the president, approved by the House of Representatives
Government: Executive branch: expected date of next election
2029
Government: Executive branch: head of government
Prime Minister Mostafa MADBOULY (since 7 June 2018)
Government: Executive branch: most recent election date
10-12 December 2023
Government: Flag
description: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; centered in the white band is the national emblem, a gold Eagle of Saladin; it faces the left side, with a shield on its chest, above a scroll with the country's name in Arabic meaning: the band colors derive from the Arab Liberation flag and represent oppression (black) overcome through bloody struggle (red), to be replaced by a bright future (white)
Government: International law organization participation
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; non-party state to the ICCt
Government: International organization participation
ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AU, BRICS, BSEC (observer), CAEU, CD, CICA, COMESA, D-8, EBRD, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAS, LCBC (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OIC, OIF, OSCE (partner), PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Government: Judicial branch: highest court(s)
Supreme Constitutional Court (SCC) (consists of the court president and 10 justices); the SCC serves as the final court of arbitration on the constitutionality of laws and conflicts between lower courts regarding jurisdiction and rulings; Court of Cassation (CC) (consists of the court president and 550 judges organized in circuits with cases heard by panels of 5 judges); the CC is the highest appeals body for civil and criminal cases, also known as "ordinary justices"; Supreme Administrative Court (SAC) (consists of the court president and NA judges and organized in circuits with cases heard by panels of 5 judges); the SAC is the highest court of the State Council
Government: Judicial branch: judge selection and term of office
under the 2014 constitution, all judges and justices selected and appointed by the Supreme Judiciary Council and approved as a formality by the president of the Republic; judges appointed for life; under the 2019 amendments, the president has the power to appoint heads of judiciary authorities and courts, the prosecutor general, and the head of the Supreme Constitutional Court
Government: Judicial branch: subordinate courts
Courts of Appeal; Courts of First Instance; courts of limited jurisdiction; Family Court (established in 2004)
Government: Legal system
mixed system based on Napoleonic civil and penal law, Islamic religious law, and vestiges of colonial-era laws; Supreme Constitutional Court reviews laws
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: chamber name
House of Representatives (Majlis Al-Nuwab)
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: electoral system
mixed system
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: expected date of next election
November 2025
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: most recent election date
10/24/2020 to 12/8/2020
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: number of seats
596 (568 directly elected; 28 appointed)
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: parties elected and seats per party
Future of the Nation (Mostakbal Watan) (317); Republican People's party (El Shaab el Gomhory) (49); Independents (117); Other (109)
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: percentage of women in chamber
27.7%
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: scope of elections
full renewal
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: term in office
5 years
Government: Legislative branch - upper chamber: chamber name
Senate (Majlis Al-Shiyoukh)
Government: Legislative branch - upper chamber: electoral system
mixed system
Government: Legislative branch - upper chamber: expected date of next election
July 2030
Government: Legislative branch - upper chamber: most recent election date
8/4/2025 to 8/28/2025
Government: Legislative branch - upper chamber: number of seats
300 (200 directly elected; 100 appointed)
Government: Legislative branch - upper chamber: parties elected and seats per party
Future of the Nation (Mostakbal Watan) (148); Republican People's party (17); Independents (88); Other (47)
Government: Legislative branch - upper chamber: percentage of women in chamber
10.7%
Government: Legislative branch - upper chamber: scope of elections
full renewal
Government: Legislative branch - upper chamber: term in office
5 years
Government: Legislative branch: legislative structure
bicameral
Government: National anthem(s): history
adopted 1979; the current anthem was written after the 1979 peace treaty with Israel; the composer is considered the father of modern Egyptian music; of the three verses, only the first verse is sung, preceded and followed by the chorus
Government: National anthem(s): lyrics/music
Younis-al QADI/Sayed DARWISH
Government: National coat of arms
adopted in 1984, the coat of arms features the national symbol, the Eagle of Saladin; the eagle holds a golden scroll with the name of the country, “Gumhuriyet Miṣr al-ʿArabiyyah” (Arab Republic of Egypt), in Arabic script; the shield on the eagle’s chest shows the national colors of red, white, and black
Government: National color(s)
red, white, black
Government: National heritage: selected World Heritage Site locales
Memphis and its Necropolis (c); Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis (c); Nubian Monuments (c); Saint Catherine Area (c); Abu Mena (c); Historic Cairo (c); Wadi Al-Hitan (Whale Valley) (n)
Government: National heritage: total World Heritage Sites
7 (6 cultural, 1 natural)
Government: National holiday
Revolution Day, 23 July (1952)
Government: National symbol(s)
golden eagle, white lotus
Government: Political parties
Al-Nour Arab Democratic Nasserist Party Congress Party Conservative Party Democratic Peace Party Egyptian National Movement Party Egyptian Social Democratic Party El Ghad Party El Serh El Masry el Hor Eradet Geel Party Free Egyptians Party Freedom Party Justice Party Homeland’s Protector Party Modern Egypt Party My Homeland Egypt Party Nation's Future Party (Mostaqbal Watan) National Progressive Unionist (Tagammu) Party Reform and Development Party Republican People’s Party Revolutionary Guards Party Wafd Party
Government: Suffrage
18 years of age; universal and compulsory
Introduction: Background
The regularity and richness of the annual Nile River flood, coupled with semi-isolation provided by deserts to the east and west, allowed for the development of one of the world's great civilizations in Egypt. A unified kingdom arose circa 3200 B.C., and a series of dynasties ruled in Egypt for the next three millennia. The last native dynasty fell to the Persians in 341 B.C., who in turn were replaced by the Greeks, Romans, and Byzantines. Arab conquerors introduced Islam and the Arabic language in the 7th century and ruled for the next six centuries. The Mamluks, a local military caste, took control around 1250 and continued to govern after the Ottoman Turks conquered Egypt in 1517. Completion of the Suez Canal in 1869 elevated Egypt as an important world transportation hub. Ostensibly to protect its investments, Britain seized control of Egypt's government in 1882, but the country's nominal allegiance to the Ottoman Empire continued until 1914. Egypt gained partial independence from the UK in 1922 and full sovereignty in 1952. British forces evacuated the Suez Canal Zone in 1956. The completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1971 and the resultant Lake Nasser have reaffirmed the time-honored place of the Nile River in the agriculture and ecology of Egypt. A rapidly growing population (the largest in the Arab world), limited arable land, and dependence on the Nile all continue to overtax resources and stress society. The government has struggled to meet the demands of Egypt's fast-growing population as it implements large-scale infrastructure projects, energy cooperation, and foreign direct investment appeals. Inspired by the 2010 Tunisian revolution, Egyptian opposition groups led demonstrations and labor strikes countrywide, culminating in President Hosni MUBARAK's ouster in 2011. Egypt's military assumed national leadership until a new legislature was in place in early 2012; later that same year, Muslim Brotherhood candidate Mohamed MORSI won the presidential election. Following protests throughout the spring of 2013 against MORSI's government and the Muslim Brotherhood, the Egyptian Armed Forces intervened and removed MORSI from power in July 2013 and replaced him with interim president Adly MANSOUR. Simultaneously, the government began enacting laws to limit freedoms of assembly and expression. In 2014, voters approved a new constitution by referendum and then elected former defense minister Abdel Fattah EL-SISI president. EL-SISI was reelected to a second four-year term in 2018 and a third term in December 2023.
Military and Security: Military - note
the Egyptian Armed Forces (EAF) are responsible for external defense but also have an internal role assisting police and paramilitary security forces during emergencies and in anti-terrorism operations; the EAF also participates in foreign peacekeeping and other security missions, as well as both bilateral and multinational exercises; the military has considerable political power and independence; it has long had a crucial role in Egypt’s politics and has a large stake in the civilian economy, including running banks, businesses, gas stations, shipping lines, and utilities, and producing consumer and industrial goods, importing commodities, and building and managing infrastructure projects, such as bridges, roads, hospitals, and housing key areas of concern for the EAF include Islamist militant groups operating out of the Sinai Peninsula, regional challenges such as ongoing conflicts and instability, and maritime security; since 2011, the EAF has been conducting operations alongside other security forces in the North Sinai governorate against several militant groups, particularly the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS); over the past decade, it has deployed additional units along the border with Libya, provided air support to the Saudi-led coalition's intervention in Yemen, and most recently boosted its presence on the border with Gaza in response to the HAMAS-Israel conflict; the Navy in recent years has sought to modernize and expand its capabilities and profile in the Eastern Mediterranean and Red Sea, including the acquisition of helicopter carriers, modern frigates, and attack submarines, as well as the establishment of a joint service military base on the Red Sea the Multinational Force & Observers (MFO) has operated in the Sinai since 1982 as a peacekeeping and monitoring force to supervise the implementation of the security provisions of the 1979 Egyptian-Israeli Treaty of Peace; the MFO is an independent international organization, created by agreement between Egypt and Israel; it has about 1,150 troops from 13 countries; Colombia, Fiji, and the US are the leading providers of troops to the MFO (2025)
Military and Security: Military and security forces
Egyptian Armed Forces (EAF): Army (includes Republican Guard), Navy (includes Coast Guard), Air Force, Air Defense Forces, Border Guard Forces Interior Ministry: Public Security Sector Police, the Central Security Force, National Security Agency (2025)
Military and Security: Military and security service personnel strengths
estimated 450,000 active Armed Forces (2025)
Military and Security: Military deployments
775 (plus nearly 200 police) Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 1,100 Somalia (AUSSOM); also has about 200 police deployed to the Democratic Republic of the Congo under MONUSCO (2025)
Military and Security: Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the EAF's inventory is comprised of a mix of domestically produced, Soviet-era, and more modern, typically Western, weapons systems; in recent years, the EAF has embarked on an equipment modernization program with purchases from foreign suppliers, including China, France, Germany, Italy, Russia, UAE, the UK, and the US; Egypt's defense industry produces a range of products from small arms to armored vehicles and naval vessels; it also has licensed and co-production agreements with several countries, including Germany and the US (2025)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2015
1.72% (2015 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2016
1.67% (2016 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2017
1.42% (2017 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2018
1.25% (2018 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2019
1.18% (2019 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2020
1.12% (2020 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2021
1.12% (2021 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2022
1.01% (2022 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2023
0.81% (2023 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2024
0.67% (2024 est.)
Military and Security: Military service age and obligation
voluntary enlistment possible from age 16 for men and 17 for women; 18-30 years of age for compulsory service for men; service obligation 14-36 months, followed by a 9-year reserve obligation; active service length depends on education; high school drop-outs serve for the full 36 months, while college graduates serve for lesser periods of time, depending on their education level (2025)
People and Society: Age structure: 0-14 years
33.8% (male 19,349,395/female 18,243,571)
People and Society: Age structure: 15-64 years
60.6% (male 34,646,369/female 32,792,151)
People and Society: Age structure: 65 years and over
5.6% (2024 est.) (male 3,146,720/female 3,069,042)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: beer
0.09 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: other alcohols
0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: spirits
0.04 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: total
0.14 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: wine
0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Birth rate
18.63 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
People and Society: Child marriage: women married by age 15
1.8% (2021)
People and Society: Child marriage: women married by age 18
15.8% (2021)
People and Society: Children under the age of 5 years underweight
3.7% (2021 est.)
People and Society: Current health expenditure
4.88% (2023 est.)
People and Society: Currently married women (ages 15-49)
65.6% (2021 est.)
People and Society: Death rate
4.33 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: elderly dependency ratio
9.5 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: potential support ratio
10.5 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio
63.7 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: youth dependency ratio
54.2 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: improved: rural
rural: 98.4% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: improved: total
total: 98.8% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: improved: urban
urban: 99.3% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: unimproved: rural
rural: 1.6% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: unimproved: total
total: 1.2% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: unimproved: urban
urban: 0.7% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Education expenditure: Education expenditure (% GDP)
3.9% of GDP (2015 est.)
People and Society: Education expenditure: Education expenditure (% national budget)
12% national budget (2015 est.)
People and Society: Ethnic groups
Egyptian 99.7%, other 0.3% (2006 est.)
People and Society: Gross reproduction rate
1.23 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Health expenditure: Health expenditure (as % of GDP)
4.6% of GDP (2021)
People and Society: Health expenditure: Health expenditure (as % of national budget)
7.2% of national budget (2022 est.)
People and Society: HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate
0.10% (2024 est.)
People and Society: Hospital bed density
1.1 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)
People and Society: Infant mortality rate: female
15.9 deaths/1,000 live births
People and Society: Infant mortality rate: male
17.8 deaths/1,000 live births
People and Society: Infant mortality rate: total
20.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)
People and Society: Languages: Languages
Arabic (official); English and French widely understood by educated classes
People and Society: Languages: major-language sample(s)
كتاب حقائق العالم، أفضل مصدر للمعلومات الأساسية (Arabic) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
People and Society: Life expectancy at birth: female
74.0 years (2024 est.)
People and Society: Life expectancy at birth: male
69.7 years (2024 est.)
People and Society: Literacy: female
73.3% (2022 est.)
People and Society: Literacy: male
85.3% (2022 est.)
People and Society: Literacy: total population
79.45% (2022 est.)
People and Society: Major urban areas - population
22.183 million CAIRO (capital), 5.588 million Alexandria, 778,000 Bur Sa'id (2023)
People and Society: Maternal mortality ratio
17 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
People and Society: Median age: female
24.4 years
People and Society: Median age: male
24.3 years
People and Society: Mother's mean age at first birth
22.6 years (2014 est.)
People and Society: Nationality: adjective
Egyptian
People and Society: Net migration rate
-0.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
People and Society: Obesity - adult prevalence rate
32% (2016)
People and Society: Physician density
0.67 physicians/1,000 population (2020)
People and Society: Population
116,538,258 (2024 est.)
People and Society: Population distribution
approximately 95% of the population lives within 20 km (12 mi) of the Nile River and its delta; vast areas of the country remain sparsely populated or uninhabited, as shown in this population distribution map
People and Society: Population growth rate
1.73% (2024 est.)
People and Society: Population: female
54,909,822
People and Society: Population: male
57,960,635
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: improved: rural
rural: 98.5% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: improved: total
total: 99.1% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: improved: urban
urban: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: unimproved: rural
rural: 1.5% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: unimproved: total
total: 0.9% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: unimproved: urban
urban: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): female
13 years (2023 est.)
People and Society: School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): male
13 years (2023 est.)
People and Society: School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total
13 years (2023 est.)
People and Society: Sex ratio: 0-14 years
1.06 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: 15-64 years
1.06 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: 65 years and over
1.03 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: at birth
1.06 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: total population
1.06 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
People and Society: Tobacco use: female
0.3% (2025 est.)
People and Society: Tobacco use: male
51% (2025 est.)
People and Society: Tobacco use: total
25.8% (2025 est.)
People and Society: Total fertility rate
2.73 children born/woman (2024 est.)
People and Society: Urbanization: rate of urbanization
1.9% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
People and Society: Urbanization: urban population
42.80% (2024 est.)
Space: Key space-program milestones
1960 - initiated a space program 1998 - first communications satellite (NileSat-101) built in Europe and launched on a European rocket (first African country to have its own communications satellite) 2007 - first remote sensing (RS) satellite (Egypsat-1) built and launched by Russia 2019 - first domestically produced RS cube satellites (NARSSCube-1 and 2) released from International Space Station; signed agreement with China for construction of satellite assembly, integrating, and testing facilities 2020 - announced a 10-year national space program, including initiating an astronaut training program and jointly developing with several African countries an RS satellite for monitoring climate changes 2022 - inaugurated a “space city” containing a satellite manufacturing facility, a research center, a space academy, and the headquarters of the African Space Agency (AfSA; inaugurated 2025); latest NileSat-series (NileSat-301) communications satellite acquired from Europe and launched by the US 2023 - three RS satellites (Horus-1, Horus-2, and MisrSat-2) built jointly with and launched by China; joined the China-led International Lunar Research Station project 2024 - experimental RS satellite (Nexsat-1) jointly developed with a European commercial company and launched by China
Space: Space agency/agencies
Egyptian Space Agency (EgSA; established 2019); National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Science (NARSS; formed in 1994 from the Remote Sensing Center, which was established in 1971) (2025)
Space: Space program overview
has a growing space program and seeks to become a regional space power; operates satellites; builds satellites jointly with foreign partners but developing localized satellite manufacturing and support infrastructure; acquiring other space-related technologies through transfers and domestic development, including in communications, Earth imaging/remote sensing (RS), and satellite payloads and components; works with a variety of foreign governments and commercial space companies, including those of Belarus, Canada, China, the ESA and its member states (particularly France, Germany, Italy), Ghana, India, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Nigeria, Russia, South Africa, Sudan, Uganda, Ukraine, the UAE, and the US; also a member of the Arab Space Coordination Group; has an active commercial space sector (2025)
Terrorism: Terrorist group(s)
Army of Islam; Harakat Sawa'd Misr (HASM); Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – Sinai Province (ISIS-SP); al-Qa’ida
Transnational Issues: Refugees and internally displaced persons: refugees
876,962 (2024 est.)
Transnational Issues: Refugees and internally displaced persons: stateless persons
5 (2024 est.)
Transportation: Airports
73 (2025)
Transportation: Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
SU
Transportation: Heliports
60 (2025)
Transportation: Merchant marine: by type
bulk carrier 14, container ship 6, general cargo 23, oil tanker 42, other 356
Transportation: Merchant marine: total
441 (2023)
Transportation: Ports: key ports
Ain Sukhna Terminal, Al Iskandariyh (Alexandria), As Suways, Bur Sa'id, Damietta, Ras Shukhier
Transportation: Ports: large
5
Transportation: Ports: medium
1
Transportation: Ports: ports with oil terminals
17
Transportation: Ports: size unknown
1
Transportation: Ports: small
8
Transportation: Ports: total ports
31 (2024)
Transportation: Ports: very small
16
Transportation: Railways: standard gauge
5,085 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge (62 km electrified)
Transportation: Railways: total
5,085 km (2014)
Warning: Some information might be outdated or incorrect, please check statistics before using(most of the economical stats are correct, its mostly the Population stats that are incorrect). Some dates are listed but some are missed, if you have any issues please report it to the Github at github.com.