Communications: Broadband - fixed subscriptions: subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
38.87 (2024, World Bank)
Communications: Broadband - fixed subscriptions: total
4.1 million (2023 est.)
Communications: Broadcast media
22 national TV stations, with 17 privately owned; publicly operated Czech Television has 5 national channels; over 350 TV channels, many through cable, satellite, and IPTV subscription services; 63 radio broadcasters operate over 80 radio stations, including 7 multiregional radio stations or networks; publicly owned broadcaster Czech Radio operates 4 national, 14 regional, and 4 Internet stations; both Czech Radio and Czech Television are partly financed through a license fee (2019)
Communications: Internet country code
.cz
Communications: Internet users: percent of population
87.7% (2024, World Bank)
Communications: Telephones - fixed lines: subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
10.79 (2024, World Bank)
Communications: Telephones - fixed lines: total subscriptions
1.16 million (2024 est.)
Communications: Telephones - mobile cellular: subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
126.60 (2024, World Bank)
Communications: Telephones - mobile cellular: total subscriptions
13.6 million (2024 est.)
Economy: Agricultural products
wheat, sugar beets, milk, barley, rapeseed, potatoes, maize, triticale, pork, chicken (2023)
Economy: Average household expenditures: on alcohol and tobacco
7.7% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Economy: Average household expenditures: on food
15.7% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Economy: Budget: expenditures
$106.07 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Budget: revenues
$94.01 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2022
-$13.644 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2023
-$432.727 million (2023 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2024
$2.443 billion (2025, World Bank)
Economy: Exchange rates: Currency
koruny (CZK) per US dollar -
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2020
23.21 (2020 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2021
21.678 (2021 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2022
23.357 (2022 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2023
22.198 (2023 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2024
23.217 (2024 est.)
Economy: Exports - commodities
cars, vehicle parts/accessories, broadcasting equipment, computers, plastic products (2023)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2022
$219.419 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2023
$236.103 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2024
$261.773 billion (2025, World Bank)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: exports of goods and services
66.9% (2025, World Bank)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: government consumption
20.0% (2025, World Bank)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption
47.4% (2025, World Bank)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: imports of goods and services
61.1% (2025, World Bank)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: investment in fixed capital
26.4% (2025, World Bank)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: investment in inventories
0.7% (2023 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture
1.9% (2025, World Bank)
Economy: GDP - composition, by sector of origin: industry
28.7% (2025, World Bank)
Economy: GDP - composition, by sector of origin: services
60.8% (2025, World Bank)
Economy: GDP - per capita (PPP)
$60,487 (2025, World Bank)
Economy: GDP (official exchange rate)
$391.027 billion (2025, World Bank)
Economy: GDP (purchasing power parity) - real
$536.641 billion (2025, World Bank)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022
25.9 (2022 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2024
25.70 (2023, World Bank)
Economy: Household income or consumption by percentage share: highest 10%
21.5% (2023, World Bank)
Economy: Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%
3.8% (2023, World Bank)
Economy: Imports - commodities
broadcasting equipment, vehicle parts/accessories, cars, plastic products, computers (2023)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2022
$216.042 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2023
$219.09 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2024
$238.895 billion (2025, World Bank)
Economy: Industrial production growth rate
-1% (2024 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022
15.1% (2022 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023
10.7% (2023 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024
2.5% (2025, World Bank)
Economy: Labor force
5,578,235 (2025, World Bank)
Economy: Population below poverty line
10.2% (2021, World Bank)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2016
36.8% of GDP (2016 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2023
14.0% of GDP (1994, World Bank)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022
$516.431 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023
$516.145 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024
$536.641 billion (2025, World Bank)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2022
2.8% (2022 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2023
-0.1% (2023 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2024
2.6% (2025, World Bank)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2022
$48,400 (2022 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2023
$47,500 (2023 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2022
1.4% of GDP (2022 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2023
1.2% of GDP (2023 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2024
1.3% of GDP (2025, World Bank)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022
$139.981 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023
$148.379 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024
$176.326 billion (2025, World Bank)
Economy: Taxes and other revenues
36.5% of GDP (2024, World Bank)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2022
2.3% (2022 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2023
2.6% (2023 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2024
2.8% (2025, World Bank)
Economy: Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): female
9.7% (2025, World Bank)
Economy: Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): male
8.9% (2025, World Bank)
Economy: Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): total
9.2% (2025, World Bank)
Energy: Coal: consumption
33.239 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: exports
2.128 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: imports
4.09 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: production
31.946 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: proven reserves
3.595 billion metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity access: electrification - rural areas
100.0% (2024, World Bank)
Energy: Electricity access: electrification - total population
100.0% (2024, World Bank)
Energy: Electricity access: electrification - urban areas
100.0% (2024, World Bank)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: biomass and waste
7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: fossil fuels
45.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: hydroelectricity
2.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: nuclear
40.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: solar
4.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: wind
0.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: consumption
63.628 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: exports
22.648 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: imports
13.465 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: installed generating capacity
21.802 million kW (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: transmission/distribution losses
3.012 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Energy consumption per capita: Total energy consumption per capita 2023
136.306 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: consumption
6.499 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: imports
6.812 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: production
163.333 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: proven reserves
3.964 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Energy: Nuclear energy: Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors
3.96GW (2025 est.)
Energy: Nuclear energy: Number of operational nuclear reactors
6 (2025)
Energy: Nuclear energy: Percent of total electricity production
40% (2023 est.)
Energy: Petroleum: crude oil estimated reserves
15 million barrels (2021 est.)
Energy: Petroleum: refined petroleum consumption
219,000 bbl/day (2024 est.)
Energy: Petroleum: total petroleum production
4,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: from coal and metallurgical coke
41.667 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: from consumed natural gas
12.527 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: from petroleum and other liquids
25.707 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: total emissions
79.901 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Climate
temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters
Environment: Environmental issues
air and water pollution (including acid rain) in areas of northwest Bohemia and in northern Moravia around Ostrava; pollution from industry, mining, and agriculture
Environment: Geoparks: global geoparks and regional networks
Bohemian Paradise (2023)
Environment: Geoparks: total global geoparks and regional networks
1
Environment: International environmental agreements: party to
Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
Environment: International environmental agreements: signed, but not ratified
none of the selected agreements
Environment: Land use: agricultural land
45.8% (2023, World Bank)
Environment: Land use: agricultural land: arable land
32.7% (2023, World Bank)
Environment: Land use: agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 0.5% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 12.5% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: forest
34.8% (2023, World Bank)
Environment: Land use: other
16% (2023 est.)
Environment: Particulate matter emissions
15 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Environment: Total renewable water resources
13.15 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Environment: Total water withdrawal: agricultural
44 million cubic meters (2022)
Environment: Total water withdrawal: industrial
776 million cubic meters (2022)
Environment: Total water withdrawal: municipal
626 million cubic meters (2022)
Environment: Urbanization: rate of urbanization
0.2% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Environment: Urbanization: urban population
72.9% (2025, World Bank)
Environment: Waste and recycling: municipal solid waste generated annually
5.335 million tons (2024 est.)
Environment: Waste and recycling: percent of municipal solid waste recycled
37.3% (2022 est.)
Geography: Area - comparative
about two-thirds the size of Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than South Carolina
Geography: Area: land
77,247 sq km
Geography: Area: water
1,620 sq km
Geography: Coastline
0 km (landlocked)
Geography: Elevation: highest point
Snezka 1,602 m
Geography: Elevation: lowest point
Labe (Elbe) River 115 m
Geography: Elevation: mean elevation
433 m
Geography: Geographic coordinates
49 45 N, 15 30 E
Geography: Geography - note
note 1: landlocked; strategically located on some of oldest and most significant land routes in Europe; Moravian Gate is a traditional military corridor between the North European Plain and the Danube in central Europe note 2: the Hranice Abyss in Czechia is the world's deepest surveyed freshwater cave at 519 m (1,703 ft); its survey is not complete, and it may be up to 800-1,200 m (2,625-3,937 ft) deep
Geography: Irrigated land
220 sq km (2022)
Geography: Land boundaries: border countries
Austria 402 km; Germany 704 km; Poland 699 km; Slovakia 241 km
Geography: Land boundaries: total
2,046 km
Geography: Land use: agricultural land
45.8% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 32.7% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 0.5% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 12.5% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: forest
38.2% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: other
16% (2023 est.)
Geography: Major rivers (by length in km)
Labe (Elbe) river source (shared with Germany [m]) - 1,252 km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Geography: Major watersheds (area sq km): Atlantic Ocean drainage
(Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)
Geography: Map references
Europe
Geography: Maritime claims
none (landlocked)
Geography: Natural hazards
flooding
Geography: Population distribution
a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, but the northern and eastern regions tend to have larger urban concentrations
Geography: Terrain
Bohemia in the west consists of rolling plains, hills, and plateaus surrounded by low mountains; Moravia in the east consists of very hilly country
Government: Administrative divisions
13 regions ( kraje , singular - kraj ) and 1 capital city* ( hlavni mesto ); Jihocesky (South Bohemia), Jihomoravsky (South Moravia), Karlovarsky (Karlovy Vary), Kralovehradecky (Hradec Kralove), Liberecky (Liberec), Moravskoslezsky (Moravia-Silesia), Olomoucky (Olomouc), Pardubicky (Pardubice), Plzensky (Pilsen), Praha (Prague)*, Stredocesky (Central Bohemia), Ustecky (Usti), Vysocina (Highlands), Zlinsky (Zlin)
Government: Capital: daylight saving time
+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Government: Capital: etymology
the name may derive from the old Slavic word "praga" or "prah," meaning "threshold;" it could also be related to the same Slavic root word as the modern Czech "pražiti," a term for woodland cleared by burning
Government: Capital: geographic coordinates
50 05 N, 14 28 E
Government: Capital: time difference
UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Government: Citizenship: citizenship by birth
no
Government: Citizenship: citizenship by descent only
at least one parent must be a citizen of Czechia
Government: Citizenship: dual citizenship recognized
no
Government: Citizenship: residency requirement for naturalization
5 years
Government: Constitution: amendment process
passage requires at least three-fifths concurrence of members present in both houses of Parliament
Government: Constitution: history
previous 1960; latest ratified 16 December 1992, effective 1 January 1993
Government: Country name: conventional short form
Czechia
Government: Country name: etymology
name derives from the Czechs, a West Slavic tribe who rose to prominence in the late 9th century A.D.; the tribal name is said to come from an ancestral chief
Government: Country name: local long form
Ceska republika
Government: Country name: local short form
Cesko
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission
Ambassador Nicholas MERRICK (since 23 October 2025)
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: email address and website
ACSPrg@state.gov https://cz.usembassy.gov/
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: embassy
Trziste 15, 118 01 Praha 1 - Mala Strana
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: FAX
[420] 257-022-809
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: mailing address
5630 Prague Place, Washington DC 20521-5630
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: telephone
[420] 257-022-000
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: chancery
3900 Spring of Freedom Street NW, Washington, DC 20008-3803
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission
Ambassador Miloslav STAŠEK (since 16 September 2022)
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: consulate(s) general
Chicago, Los Angeles, New York
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: email address and website
washington@embassy.mzv.cz https://www.mzv.cz/washington/
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: FAX
[1] (202) 966-8540
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: telephone
[1] (202) 274-9100
Government: Executive branch: cabinet
Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister
Government: Executive branch: chief of state
President Petr PAVEL (since 9 March 2023)
Government: Executive branch: election results
2023: Petr PAVEL elected in the second round; percent of vote in the first round - Petr PAVEL (independent) 35.4%, Andrej BABIS (ANO) 35 % , Danuse NERUDOVA (Mayors and Independents) 13.9%, Pavel FISCHER (independent) 6.8%; percent of vote in the second round - Petr PAVEL 58.3%, Andrej BABIS 41.6% 2018: Milos ZEMAN reelected president in the second round; percent of vote - Milos ZEMAN (SPO) 51.4%, Jiri DRAHOS (independent) 48.6%
Government: Executive branch: election/appointment process
president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (limited to 2 consecutive terms); prime minister appointed by the president for a 4-year term
Government: Executive branch: expected date of next election
by January 2028
Government: Executive branch: head of government
Prime Minister Andrej BABIS (since 9 December 2025)
Government: Executive branch: most recent election date
13-14 January 2023, with a second round on 27-28 January 2023
Government: Flag
description: two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a blue isosceles triangle based on the left side
Government: International law organization participation
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Government: International organization participation
Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CD, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Government: Judicial branch: highest court(s)
Supreme Court (organized into Civil Law and Commercial Division, and Criminal Division each with a court chief justice, vice justice, and several judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 15 justices); Supreme Administrative Court (consists of 36 judges, including the court president and vice president, and organized into 6-, 7-, and 9-member chambers)
Government: Judicial branch: judge selection and term of office
Supreme Court judges proposed by the Chamber of Deputies and appointed by the president; judges appointed for life; Constitutional Court judges appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate; judges appointed for 10-year, renewable terms; Supreme Administrative Court judges selected by the president of the Court; unlimited terms
Government: Judicial branch: subordinate courts
High Court; regional and district courts
Government: Legal system
new civil code enacted in 2014, replacing civil code of 1964 based on former Austro-Hungarian civil codes and socialist theory
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: chamber name
Chamber of Deputies (Poslanecka Snemovna)
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: electoral system
proportional representation
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: expected date of next election
October 2029
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: most recent election date
10/3/2025 to 10/4/2025
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: number of seats
200 (all directly elected)
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: parties elected and seats per party
ANO (80); SPOLU (52); Mayors and independents (STAN) (22); Czech Pirate Party (18); Freedom and Direct Democracy (SPD) (15); Motoristé sobě (AUTO) (13)
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: percentage of women in chamber
33.5%
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: scope of elections
full renewal
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: term in office
4 years
Government: Legislative branch - upper chamber: chamber name
Senate (Senat)
Government: Legislative branch - upper chamber: electoral system
plurality/majority
Government: Legislative branch - upper chamber: expected date of next election
September 2026
Government: Legislative branch - upper chamber: most recent election date
9/20/2024 to 9/28/2024
Government: Legislative branch - upper chamber: number of seats
81 (all directly elected)
Government: Legislative branch - upper chamber: parties elected and seats per party
Civic Democratic Party (ODS) (8); Christian Democratic Union - Czechoslovak People's Party (KDU - CSL) (7); TOP 09 (3); ANO 2011 (3); Independents (2); Other (4)
Government: Legislative branch - upper chamber: percentage of women in chamber
21.3%
Government: Legislative branch - upper chamber: scope of elections
partial renewal
Government: Legislative branch - upper chamber: term in office
6 years
Government: Legislative branch: legislative structure
bicameral
Government: Legislative branch: legislature name
Parliament (Parlament)
Government: National anthem(s): history
adopted 1993; the anthem was originally written as incidental music for the play "Fidlovacka" (1834), but it soon became popular as an unofficial anthem of the Czech nation; its first verse served as the official Czechoslovak anthem beginning in 1918, and the second verse (Slovak) was dropped after Czechoslovakia was dissolved in 1993
Government: National anthem(s): lyrics/music
Josef Kajetan TYL/Frantisek Jan SKROUP
Government: National color(s)
white, red, blue
Government: National heritage: selected World Heritage Site locales
Historic Prague (c); Historic Telč (c); Historic Český Krumlov (c); Lednice-Valtice Cultural Landscape (c); Historic Kutná Hora (c); Holy Trinity Column, Olomouc (c); Karlovy Vary Spa (c); Zatec and the Landscape of Saaz Hops; Žatec and the Landscape of Saaz Hops (n)
Government: National heritage: total World Heritage Sites
17 (16 cultural, 1 natural)
Government: National holiday
Czechoslovak Founding Day, 28 October (1918)
Government: National symbol(s)
silver (or white) double-tailed rampant lion
Government: Political parties
Action of Dissatisfied Citizens or ANO ( Akce nespokojených občanů) Christian and Democratic Union - Czechoslovak People's Party or KDU-ČSL Civic Democratic Party or ODS Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia or KSČM Czech Pirate Party or Piráti ForMOST or ProMOST Freedom and Direct Democracy or SPD Independents or NEZ Mayors and Independents or STAN Mayors for the Liberec Region or SLK Přísaha Senator 21 or SEN 21 Social Democracy SOCDEM Svobodni Tradition Responsibility Prosperity 09 or TOP 09 Tábor 2020 or T2020 United Democrats - Association of Independents or SD-SN
Government: Suffrage
18 years of age; universal
Introduction: Background
At the close of World War I, the Czechs and Slovaks of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire merged to form Czechoslovakia, a parliamentarian democracy. During the interwar years, having rejected a federal system, the new country's predominantly Czech leaders were frequently preoccupied with meeting the increasingly strident demands of other ethnic minorities within the republic, most notably the Slovaks, the Sudeten Germans, and the Ruthenians (Ukrainians). On the eve of World War II, Nazi Germany occupied the territory that today comprises Czechia, and Slovakia became an independent state allied with Germany. After the war, a reunited but truncated Czechoslovakia (less Ruthenia) fell within the Soviet sphere of influence when the pro-Soviet Communist party staged a coup in February 1948. In 1968, an invasion by fellow Warsaw Pact troops ended the efforts of the country's leaders to liberalize communist rule and create "socialism with a human face," ushering in a period of repression known as "normalization." The peaceful "Velvet Revolution" swept the Communist Party from power at the end of 1989 and inaugurated a return to democratic rule and a market economy. On 1 January 1993, the country underwent a nonviolent "velvet divorce" into its two national components, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The Czech Republic joined NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004. The country formally added the short-form name Czechia in 2016, while also continuing to use the full form name, the Czech Republic.
Military and Security: Military - note
the Czech military is responsible for national and territorial defense, assisting civil authorities during natural disasters or other emergencies, boosting border security alongside the police, participating in international peacekeeping operations, and supporting its collective security commitments to the EU and NATO, both of which Czechia considers pillars of its national security strategy; Czechia is a member of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, contributes to UN peacekeeping operations, and actively participates in EU military and security missions under the EU Common Security and Defense Policy; the Czech military has been an active member of NATO since the country joined in 2009 and participates in a variety of NATO’s collective defense missions, including contributing to the Enhanced Forward Presence in Eastern Europe, Baltic Air Policing operations, rapid response forces, and operations in Kosovo; it also exercises regularly with NATO partners and maintains close bilateral ties to a number of militaries particularly partner members of the Visegrad Group (Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia) and Germany the military has commands for its land, air, cyber/information operations, and territorial forces, as well as a joint operations command and a separate special forces directorate; the Territorial Command is responsible for the active reserves and regional military commands that align with each of Czechia’s 13 regions and the capital, Prague (2025)
Military and Security: Military and security forces
Czech Armed Forces: Land Forces, Air Force, Special Forces (2025)
Military and Security: Military and security service personnel strengths
approximately 28,000 active-duty military personnel (2025)
Military and Security: Military deployments
up to 130 Lithuania (NATO); 130 Slovakia (NATO) (2024)
Military and Security: Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the Czech military has a mix of domestically produced, Soviet-era, and more recently acquired modern weapons and equipment from such suppliers as France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, and the US; its domestic defense industry produces such items as armored combat vehicles and light attack aircraft (2025)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2021
1.4% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2022
1.3% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2023
1.5% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2024
2.1% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2025
1.9% of GDP (2024, World Bank)
Military and Security: Military service age and obligation
18-28 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; conscription abolished 2004 (2025)
People and Society: Age structure: 0-14 years
15.1% (2025, World Bank)
People and Society: Age structure: 15-64 years
63.7% (2025, World Bank)
People and Society: Age structure: 65 years and over
21.2% (2025, World Bank)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: beer
6.77 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: other alcohols
0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: spirits
3.24 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: total
12.73 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: wine
2.73 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Birth rate
7.70 (2024, World Bank)
People and Society: Contraceptive prevalence rate
86.3% (2008, World Bank)
People and Society: Current health expenditure
8.5% of GDP (2024, World Bank)
People and Society: Currently married women (ages 15-49)
53.7% (2021 est.)
People and Society: Death rate
10.30 (2024, World Bank)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: elderly dependency ratio
32.2 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: potential support ratio
3.1 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio
56.5 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: youth dependency ratio
24.3 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: improved: rural
rural: 99.8% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: improved: total
98.7% (2024, World Bank)
People and Society: Drinking water source: improved: urban
urban: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: unimproved: rural
rural: 0.2% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: unimproved: total
total: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: unimproved: urban
urban: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Education expenditure: Education expenditure (% GDP)
4.3% of GDP (2022 est.)
People and Society: Education expenditure: Education expenditure (% national budget)
10% national budget (2022 est.)
People and Society: Ethnic groups
Czech 57.3%, Moravian 3.4%, other 7.7%, unspecified 31.6% (2021 est.)
People and Society: Gross reproduction rate
0.84 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Health expenditure: Health expenditure (as % of GDP)
9.5% of GDP (2021)
People and Society: Health expenditure: Health expenditure (as % of national budget)
16.7% of national budget (2022 est.)
People and Society: Hospital bed density
6.54 (2022, World Bank)
People and Society: Infant mortality rate: female
1.90 (2024, World Bank)
People and Society: Infant mortality rate: male
2.30 (2024, World Bank)
People and Society: Infant mortality rate: total
2.10 (2024, World Bank)
People and Society: Languages: Languages
Czech (official) 88.4%, Slovak 1.5%, other 2.6%, unspecified 7.2% (2021 est.)
People and Society: Languages: major-language sample(s)
World Factbook, nepostradatelný zdroj základních informací. (Czech) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
People and Society: Life expectancy at birth: female
83.00 (2024, World Bank)
People and Society: Life expectancy at birth: male
77.10 (2024, World Bank)
People and Society: Major urban areas - population
1.323 million PRAGUE (capital) (2023)
People and Society: Maternal mortality ratio
3.00 (2023, World Bank)
People and Society: Median age: female
45.7 years
People and Society: Median age: male
42.7 years
People and Society: Mother's mean age at first birth
28.5 years (2020 est.)
People and Society: Nationality: adjective
Czech
People and Society: Net migration rate
2.02 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
People and Society: Obesity - adult prevalence rate
26% (2016)
People and Society: Physician density
4.35 (2022, World Bank)
People and Society: Population
10,886,878 (2025, World Bank)
People and Society: Population distribution
a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, but the northern and eastern regions tend to have larger urban concentrations
People and Society: Population growth rate
-0.2% (2025, World Bank)
People and Society: Population: female
5,517,651 (2025, World Bank)
People and Society: Population: male
5,369,227 (2025, World Bank)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: improved: rural
rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: improved: total
99.1% (2024, World Bank)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: improved: urban
urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: unimproved: rural
rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: unimproved: total
total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: unimproved: urban
urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): female
18 years (2022 est.)
People and Society: School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): male
16 years (2022 est.)
People and Society: School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total
17 years (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sex ratio: 0-14 years
1.05 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: 15-64 years
1.05 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: 65 years and over
0.71 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: at birth
1.05 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: total population
0.97 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
People and Society: Tobacco use: female
23% (2025 est.)
People and Society: Tobacco use: male
30.8% (2025 est.)
People and Society: Tobacco use: total
26.8% (2025 est.)
People and Society: Total fertility rate
1.36 (2024, World Bank)
People and Society: Urbanization: rate of urbanization
-0.1% (2025, World Bank)
People and Society: Urbanization: urban population
72.9% (2025, World Bank)
Transnational Issues: Refugees and internally displaced persons: IDPs
5 (2024 est.)
Transnational Issues: Refugees and internally displaced persons: refugees
395,559 (2025, UNHCR)
Transnational Issues: Refugees and internally displaced persons: stateless persons
433 (2025, UNHCR)
Transportation: Airports
252 (2025)
Transportation: Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
OK
Transportation: Heliports
107 (2025)
Transportation: Railways: total
9,548 km (2020) 3,242 km electrified
Warning: Some information might be outdated or incorrect, please check statistics before using(most of the economical stats are correct, its mostly the Population stats that are incorrect). Some dates are listed but some are missed, if you have any issues please report it to the Github at github.com.