Communications: Broadband - fixed subscriptions: subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
43 (2023 est.)
Communications: Broadband - fixed subscriptions: total
17 million (2023 est.)
Communications: Broadcast media
2 public TV broadcasting networks, 1 in English and 1 in French, each with a large number of network affiliates; several private commercial networks, also with multiple network affiliates; a total of about 150 TV stations, accessible via multi-channel satellite and cable systems; mix of public and commercial radio, with over 1,000 licensed stations; public broadcaster Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) provides 4 radio networks, Radio Canada International, and radio services to ethnic populations in the north (2016)
Communications: Internet country code
.ca
Communications: Internet users: percent of population
94.35% (2024 est.)
Communications: Telephones - fixed lines: subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
28 (2024 est.)
Communications: Telephones - fixed lines: total subscriptions
11 million (2024 est.)
Communications: Telephones - mobile cellular: subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
94 (2024 est.)
Communications: Telephones - mobile cellular: total subscriptions
37.4 million (2024 est.)
Economy: Agricultural products
wheat, rapeseed, maize, milk, barley, soybeans, potatoes, peas, oats, pork (2023)
Economy: Average household expenditures: on alcohol and tobacco
3.5% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Economy: Average household expenditures: on food
9.7% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Economy: Budget: expenditures
$417.421 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Budget: revenues
$428.312 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2013
-$58.110 billion (2013 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2014
-$41.874 billion (2014 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2015
-$54.696 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2016
-$47.263 billion (2016 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2017
-$46.236 billion (2017 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2018
-$41.150 billion (2018 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2019
-$34.032 billion (2019 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2020
-$33.287 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2021
-$444.2 million (2021 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2022
-$6.318 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2023
-$13.764 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Current account balance: Current account balance 2024
-$10.349 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates
1.3694 (2024 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Currency
Canadian dollars (CAD) per US dollar -
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2013
1.0301 (2013 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2014
1.1047 (2014 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2015
1.2788 (2015 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2016
1.3256 (2016 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2017
1.2979 (2017 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2018
1.2958 (2018 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2019
1.3268 (2019 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2020
1.3412 (2020 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2021
1.2539 (2021 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2022
1.3016 (2022 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2023
1.3499 (2023 est.)
Economy: Exchange rates: Exchange rates 2024
1.3694 (2024 est.)
Economy: Exports - commodities
crude petroleum, cars, gold, natural gas, refined petroleum (2023)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2011
$550.164 billion (2011 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2014
$573.083 billion (2014 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2015
$495.747 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2016
$481.358 billion (2016 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2017
$518.767 billion (2017 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2018
$557.720 billion (2018 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2019
$564.142 billion (2019 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2020
$487.991 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2021
$630.478 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2022
$743.782 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2023
$724.754 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Exports: Exports 2024
$727.831 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: exports of goods and services
33.3% (2023 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: government consumption
20.9% (2023 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption
54.4% (2023 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: imports of goods and services
-33.3% (2023 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: investment in fixed capital
22.9% (2023 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by end use: investment in inventories
1% (2023 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture
1.6% (2021 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by sector of origin: industry
25.3% (2021 est.)
Economy: GDP - composition, by sector of origin: services
66.4% (2021 est.)
Economy: GDP - per capita (PPP)
$64,610 (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP (official exchange rate)
$2.241 trillion (2024 est.)
Economy: GDP (purchasing power parity) - real
$2.668 trillion (2024 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2015
33.7 (2015 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2016
32.7 (2016 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017
33.3 (2017 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018
32.5 (2018 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2019
31.8 (2019 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2020
29.9 (2020 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2021
31.1 (2021 est.)
Economy: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022
31.5 (2022 est.)
Economy: Household income or consumption by percentage share: highest 10%
23.4% (2020 est.)
Economy: Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%
3.5% (2020 est.)
Economy: Imports - commodities
cars, trucks, vehicle parts/accessories, refined petroleum, crude petroleum (2023)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2010
$502.035 billion (2010 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2015
$534.115 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2016
$517.396 billion (2016 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2017
$554.923 billion (2017 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2018
$591.348 billion (2018 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2019
$589.707 billion (2019 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2020
$524.573 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2021
$628.389 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2022
$731.058 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2023
$723.399 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Imports: Imports 2024
$733.778 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: Industrial production growth rate
0% (2024 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2015
1.13% (2015 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2016
1.43% (2016 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017
1.60% (2017 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018
2.27% (2018 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019
1.95% (2019 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020
0.72% (2020 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021
3.40% (2021 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022
6.80% (2022 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023
3.88% (2023 est.)
Economy: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024
2.38% (2024 est.)
Economy: Labor force
22.868 million (2024 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2013
53.20% (2013 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2014
51.48% (2014 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2016
56.02% (2016 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2017
54.46% (2017 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2018
53.15% (2018 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2019
53.36% (2019 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2020
74.55% (2020 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2021
68.78% (2021 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2022
59.70% (2022 est.)
Economy: Public debt: Public debt 2023
61.10% (2023 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2014
$1.621 trillion (2014 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2015
$1.595 trillion (2015 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2016
$1.678 trillion (2016 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017
$1.766 trillion (2017 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019
$1.900 trillion (2019 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020
$1.848 trillion (2020 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021
$2.179 trillion (2021 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022
$2.271 trillion (2022 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023
$2.305 trillion (2023 est.)
Economy: Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024
$2.341 trillion (2024 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2015
0.65% (2015 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2016
1.04% (2016 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2017
3.03% (2017 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2018
2.74% (2018 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2019
1.91% (2019 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2020
-5.04% (2020 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2021
5.95% (2021 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2022
4.19% (2022 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2023
1.53% (2023 est.)
Economy: Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2024
1.55% (2024 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2014
$45,758 (2014 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2015
$44,668 (2015 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2016
$46,471 (2016 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2017
$48,317 (2017 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2019
$50,499 (2019 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2020
$48,591 (2020 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2021
$56,995 (2021 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2022
$63,944 (2022 est.)
Economy: Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2023
$64,219 (2023 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2013
$1.337 billion (2013 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2014
$1.351 billion (2014 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2015
$1.274 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2020
$821.8 million (2020 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2021
$831.5 million (2021 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2022
$863.8 million (2022 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2023
$847.2 million (2023 est.)
Economy: Remittances: Remittances 2024
$851.4 million (2024 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2015
$79.754 billion (2015 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2016
$82.718 billion (2016 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2017
$86.678 billion (2017 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2018
$83.926 billion (2018 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2019
$85.297 billion (2019 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2020
$90.428 billion (2020 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021
$106.615 billion (2021 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022
$106.952 billion (2022 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023
$117.551 billion (2023 est.)
Economy: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024
$119.778 billion (2024 est.)
Economy: Taxes and other revenues
13.8% (of GDP) (2023 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2019
5.69% (2019 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2020
9.66% (2020 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2021
7.53% (2021 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2022
5.28% (2022 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2023
5.42% (2023 est.)
Economy: Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2024
6.35% (2024 est.)
Economy: Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): female
12.1% (2024 est.)
Economy: Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): male
13.8% (2024 est.)
Economy: Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): total
13% (2024 est.)
Energy: Coal: consumption
20.092 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: exports
35.447 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: imports
7.03 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: production
50.687 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Coal: proven reserves
6.582 billion metric tons (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity access: electrification - total population
100% (2022 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: biomass and waste
1.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: fossil fuels
18.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: hydroelectricity
58.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: nuclear
13.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: solar
1.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity generation sources: wind
6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: consumption
555.683 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: exports
49.444 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: imports
21.77 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: installed generating capacity
161.988 million kW (2023 est.)
Energy: Electricity: transmission/distribution losses
31.784 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Energy: Energy consumption per capita: Total energy consumption per capita 2023
311.599 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: consumption
131.887 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: exports
82.537 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: imports
29.058 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: production
194.105 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Energy: Natural gas: proven reserves
2.067 trillion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Energy: Nuclear energy: Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors
12.71GW (2025 est.)
Energy: Nuclear energy: Number of nuclear reactors permanently shut down
8 (2025)
Energy: Nuclear energy: Number of operational nuclear reactors
17 (2025)
Energy: Nuclear energy: Percent of total electricity production
13.7% (2023 est.)
Energy: Petroleum: crude oil estimated reserves
170.3 billion barrels (2021 est.)
Energy: Petroleum: refined petroleum consumption
2.377 million bbl/day (2024 est.)
Energy: Petroleum: total petroleum production
5.688 million bbl/day (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: from coal and metallurgical coke
32.486 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: from consumed natural gas
259.171 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: from petroleum and other liquids
294.196 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Carbon dioxide emissions: total emissions
585.853 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Environment: Climate
varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north
Environment: Environmental issues
air pollution and acid rain from vehicle emissions, coal-burning, and metal smelting severely affecting lakes and forests; seawater pollution from agriculture, industry, mining, and forestry
Environment: Geoparks: global geoparks and regional networks
Perce; Stonehammer; Tumbler Ridge; Cliffs of Fundy; Discovery (2023)
Environment: Geoparks: total global geoparks and regional networks
5
Environment: International environmental agreements: party to
Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
Environment: International environmental agreements: signed, but not ratified
Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Marine Life Conservation
Environment: Land use: agricultural land
6.5% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 4.3% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 0% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 2.1% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: forest
42% (2023 est.)
Environment: Land use: other
51.4% (2023 est.)
Environment: Methane emissions: agriculture
1,049.8 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Environment: Methane emissions: energy
2,787.3 kt (2022-2024 est.)
Environment: Methane emissions: other
39.3 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Environment: Methane emissions: waste
816.7 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Environment: Particulate matter emissions
6.7 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Environment: Total renewable water resources
2.902 trillion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Environment: Total water withdrawal: agricultural
3.859 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Environment: Total water withdrawal: industrial
27.357 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Environment: Total water withdrawal: municipal
4.869 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Environment: Urbanization: rate of urbanization
0.95% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Environment: Urbanization: urban population
82.70% (2024 est.)
Environment: Waste and recycling: municipal solid waste generated annually
25.103 million tons (2024 est.)
Environment: Waste and recycling: percent of municipal solid waste recycled
23.1% (2022 est.)
Geography: Area - comparative
slightly larger than the US
Geography: Area: land
9,093,507 sq km
Geography: Area: water
891,163 sq km
Geography: Coastline
202,080 km
Geography: Elevation: highest point
Mount Logan 5,959 m
Geography: Elevation: lowest point
Atlantic/Pacific/Arctic Oceans 0 m
Geography: Elevation: mean elevation
487 m
Geography: Geographic coordinates
60 00 N, 95 00 W
Geography: Geography - note
note 1: second-largest country in the world (after Russia) and largest in the Americas; strategic location between Russia and US via north polar route; approximately 90% of the population is concentrated within 160 km (100 mi) of the US border note 2: Canada has more fresh water than any other country, and almost 9% of Canadian territory is water; Canada has at least 2 million and possibly over 3 million lakes, more than all other countries combined
Geography: Irrigated land
9,045 sq km (2015)
Geography: Land boundaries: border countries
US 8,891 km (includes 2,475 km with Alaska); Denmark (Greenland) 1.3 km
Geography: Land boundaries: total
8,892 km
Geography: Land use: agricultural land
6.5% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 4.3% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 0% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 2.1% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: forest
42% (2023 est.)
Geography: Land use: other
51.4% (2023 est.)
Geography: Major aquifers
Northern Great Plains Aquifer
Geography: Major lakes (area sq km): fresh water lake(s)
Huron* - 35,972 sq km; Great Bear Lake - 31,328 sq km; Superior* - 28,754 sq km; Great Slave Lake - 28,568 sq km; Lake Winnipeg - 24,387 sq km; Erie* - 12,776 sq km; Ontario* - 9,790 sq km; Lake Athabasca - 7,935 sq km; Reindeer Lake - 6,650 sq km; Nettilling Lake - 5,542 sq km note - Great Lakes* area shown as Canadian waters
Geography: Major rivers (by length in km)
Mackenzie - 4,241 km; Yukon river source (shared with the US [m]) - 3,185 km; Saint Lawrence river mouth (shared with US) - 3,058 km; Nelson - 2,570 km; Columbia river source (shared with the US [m]) - 1,953 km; Churchill - 1,600 km; Fraser - 1,368 km; Ottawa - 1,271 km; Athabasca - 1,231 km; North Saskatchewan - 1,220 km; Liard - 1,115 km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Geography: Major watersheds (area sq km): Arctic Ocean drainage
Mackenzie (1,706,388 sq km)
Geography: Major watersheds (area sq km): Atlantic Ocean drainage
Mississippi* (Gulf of America) (3,202,185 sq km, Canada only 32,000 sq km), Nelson (Hudson Bay) (1,093,141 sq km), Saint Lawrence* (1,049,636 sq km, Canada only 839,200 sq km)
Geography: Major watersheds (area sq km): Pacific Ocean drainage
Yukon* (847,620 sq km, Canada only 823,800 sq km), Columbia* (657,501 sq km, Canada only 103,000 sq km)
Geography: Map references
North America
Geography: Maritime claims: contiguous zone
24 nm
Geography: Maritime claims: continental shelf
200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
Geography: Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone
200 nm
Geography: Maritime claims: territorial sea
12 nm
Geography: Natural hazards
continuous permafrost in north is a serious obstacle to development; cyclonic storms form east of the Rocky Mountains, a result of the mixing of air masses from the Arctic, Pacific, and North American interior, and produce most of the country's rain and snow east of the mountains volcanism: the vast majority of volcanoes in Western Canada's Coast Mountains remain dormant
Geography: Population distribution
vast majority of the population lives in a discontinuous band within approximately 300 km (186 mi) of the southern border with the United States; the most populated province is Ontario, followed by Quebec and British Columbia
Geography: Terrain
mostly plains with mountains in west, lowlands in southeast
Government: Administrative divisions
10 provinces and 3 territories*; Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Northwest Territories*, Nova Scotia, Nunavut*, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Québec, Saskatchewan, Yukon*
Government: Capital: daylight saving time
+1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends first Sunday in November
Government: Capital: etymology
the city lies on the south bank of the Ottawa River, from which it derives its name; the river name comes from the Algonquin word adawe , meaning "to trade"
Government: Capital: geographic coordinates
45 25 N, 75 42 W
Government: Capital: time difference
UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Government: Capital: time zone note
Canada has six time zones
Government: Citizenship: citizenship by birth
yes
Government: Citizenship: citizenship by descent only
yes
Government: Citizenship: dual citizenship recognized
yes
Government: Citizenship: residency requirement for naturalization
minimum of 3 of last 5 years resident in Canada
Government: Constitution: amendment process
proposed by either house of Parliament or by the provincial legislative assemblies; there are 5 methods for passage though most require approval by both houses of Parliament, approval of at least two thirds of the provincial legislative assemblies and assent and formalization as a proclamation by the governor general in council; the most restrictive method is reserved for amendments affecting fundamental sections of the constitution, such as the office of the monarch or the governor general, and the constitutional amendment procedures, which require unanimous approval by both houses and by all the provincial assemblies, and assent of the governor general in council
Government: Constitution: history
consists of unwritten and written acts, customs, judicial decisions, and traditions dating from 1763; the written part of the constitution consists of the Constitution Act of 29 March 1867, which created a federation of four provinces, and the Constitution Act of 17 April 1982
Government: Country name: conventional short form
Canada
Government: Country name: etymology
the name is probably derived from the Huron or Iroquois word kanata , meaning village or camp
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission
Ambassador Pete HOEKSTRA (since 29 April 2025)
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: consulate(s)
Winnipeg
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: consulate(s) general
Calgary, Halifax, Montreal, Quebec City, Toronto, Vancouver
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: email address and website
OttawaNIV@state.gov https://ca.usembassy.gov/
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: embassy
490 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 1G8
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: FAX
[1] (613) 241-7845
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: mailing address
5480 Ottawa Place, Washington DC 20521-5480
Government: Diplomatic representation from the US: telephone
[1] (613) 688-5335
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: chancery
501 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20001
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission
Ambassador Kirsten HILLMAN (since 17 July 2020)
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: consulate(s) general
Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Los Angeles, Miami, Minneapolis, New York, San Francisco, Seattle
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: email address and website
ccs.scc@international.gc.ca https://www.international.gc.ca/country-pays/us-eu/washington.aspx?lang=eng
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: FAX
[1] (202) 682-7738
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: telephone
[1] (844) 880-6519
Government: Diplomatic representation in the US: trade office(s)
Houston, Palo Alto (CA), San Diego; note - there are trade offices in the Consulates General
Government: Executive branch: cabinet
Federal Ministry chosen by the prime minister usually from among members of his/her own party sitting in Parliament
Government: Executive branch: chief of state
King CHARLES III (since 8 September 2022); represented by Governor General Mary SIMON (since 26 July 2021)
Government: Executive branch: election/appointment process
the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister for a 5-year term; after legislative elections, the governor general usually designates the leader of the majority party or majority coalition in the House of Commons as prime minister
Government: Executive branch: head of government
Prime Minister Mark CARNEY (since 14 March 2025)
Government: Flag
description: two vertical bands of red on each side, with a white square between them; a large 11-pointed red maple leaf is centered in the white square meaning: the maple leaf is a national symbol
Government: International law organization participation
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Government: International organization participation
ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), APEC, Arctic Council, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, C, CD, CDB, CE (observer), EAPC, EBRD, EITI (implementing country), FAO, FATF, G-7, G-8, G-10, G-20, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAFTA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNMISS, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, USMCA, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Government: Judicial branch: highest court(s)
Supreme Court of Canada (consists of the chief justice and 8 judges)
Government: Judicial branch: judge selection and term of office
chief justice and judges appointed by the prime minister in council; all judges appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 75
Government: Judicial branch: subordinate courts
federal level: Federal Court of Appeal; Federal Court; Tax Court; federal administrative tribunals; Courts Martial; provincial/territorial level: provincial superior, appeals, first instance, and specialized courts
Government: Legal system
common law system except in Quebec, where civil law based on the French civil code prevails
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: chamber name
House of Commons
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: electoral system
plurality/majority
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: expected date of next election
October 2029
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: most recent election date
4/28/2025
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: number of seats
343 (all directly elected)
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: parties elected and seats per party
Liberal Party (169); Conservative Party (144); Bloc Québécois (BQ) (22); Other (30)
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: percentage of women in chamber
30.3%
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: scope of elections
full renewal
Government: Legislative branch - lower chamber: term in office
4 years
Government: Legislative branch - upper chamber: chamber name
Senate
Government: Legislative branch - upper chamber: number of seats
105 (all appointed)
Government: Legislative branch - upper chamber: percentage of women in chamber
54.8%
Government: Legislative branch: legislative structure
bicameral
Government: Legislative branch: legislature name
Parliament of Canada - Parlement du Canada
Government: National anthem(s): history
royal anthem, as a Commonwealth country
Government: National anthem(s): lyrics/music
unknown
Government: National coat of arms
The current design of the Royal Coat of Arms of Canada was adopted in 1921 and references the four nations that helped found Canada. England is represented with royal lions, a union flag, and a rose, and Scotland with a royal lion, a unicorn, and a thistle. Ireland’s symbols include a harp and a shamrock, and France’s symbols are a royal fleur-de-lis and a royal flag. The maple leaves are the Canadian national symbol. A red circle displays the motto Desiderantes Meliorem Patriam (Desiring a Better Country), and a blue ribbon displays A Mari usque ad Mare (From Sea to Sea).
Government: National color(s)
red, white
Government: National heritage: selected World Heritage Site locales
L'Anse aux Meadows (c); Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks (n); Dinosaur Provincial Park (n); Historic District of Old Quebec (c); Old Town Lunenburg (c); Wood Buffalo National Park (n); Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump (c); Gros Morne National Park (n); Pimachiowin Aki (m)
Government: National heritage: total World Heritage Sites
22 (10 cultural, 11 natural, 1 mixed) (2021)
Government: National holiday
Canada Day, 1 July (1867)
Government: National symbol(s)
maple leaf, beaver
Government: Political parties
Bloc Québécois Conservative Party of Canada or CPC Green Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada New Democratic Party
Government: Suffrage
18 years of age; universal
Introduction: Background
A land of vast distances and rich natural resources, Canada became a self-governing dominion in 1867, while retaining ties to the British crown. Canada gained legislative independence from Britain in 1931 and formalized its constitutional independence from the UK when it passed the Canada Act in 1982. Economically and technologically, the nation has developed in parallel with the US, its neighbor to the south across the world's longest international border. Canada faces the political challenges of meeting public demands for quality improvements in health care, education, social services, and economic competitiveness, as well as responding to the particular concerns of predominantly francophone Quebec. Canada also aims to develop its diverse energy resources while maintaining its commitment to the environment.
Military and Security: Military - note
the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) are responsible for external security; the CAF’s core missions include detecting, deterring, and defending against threats to or attacks on Canada; the military also provides assistance to civil authorities and law enforcement as needed for such missions as counterterrorism, search and rescue, and responding to natural disasters or other major emergencies; it regularly participates in bilateral and multinational training exercises with a variety of partners, including NATO (Canada is one of the original members) and the US; the CAF also contributes to international peacekeeping, stability, humanitarian, combat, and capacity building operations, principally through NATO, but also with the UN and other security partners Canada is part of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD; established 1958); NORAD is a Canada/US bi-national military command responsible for monitoring and defending North American airspace; traditionally, a CAF officer has served as the deputy commander of NORAD; Canada’s defense relationship with the US extends back to the Ogdensburg Declaration of 1940, when the two countries formally agreed on military cooperation, including the establishment of the Permanent Joint Board on Defense (PJBD), which continues to be the highest-level bilateral defense forum between Canada and the US British troops withdrew from Canada in 1871 as part of the US-UK Treaty of Washington; following the withdrawal, the first Canadian militia, known as the Royal Canadian Regiment, was organized in 1883 to protect Canadian territory and defend British interests abroad, which it did in the South African War (1899-1902), Canada’s first overseas conflict; militia units formed the backbone of the more than 425,000 Canadian soldiers that went to Europe during World War I in what was called the Canadian Expeditionary Force; the Royal Canadian Navy was created in 1910, while the Canadian Air Force was established in 1920 and became the Royal Canadian Air Force in 1924; the Canadian Army was officially founded in 1942; a unified Canadian Armed Forces was created in 1968 (2025)
Military and Security: Military and security forces
Canadian Forces: Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Navy, Royal Canadian Air Force (2025)
Military and Security: Military and security service personnel strengths
approximately 75,000 active-duty military personnel (2025)
Military and Security: Military deployments
approximately 2,000 Latvia (NATO); the CAF also has air and naval assets supporting NATO missions (2025)
Military and Security: Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the CAF's inventory is a mix of domestically produced and imported weapons systems from Australia, Europe, Israel, the UK, and the US; in recent years, the leading supplier has been the US; Canada's defense industry develops, maintains, and produces a range of equipment, including aircraft, combat vehicles, naval vessels, and associated components; it also collaborates with the defense industries of allied countries such as the UK (2025)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2015
1.15% (2015 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2016
1.16% (2016 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2017
1.35% (2017 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2018
1.32% (2018 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2019
1.28% (2019 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2020
1.39% (2020 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2021
1.25% (2021 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2022
1.17% (2022 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2023
1.25% (2023 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2024
1.31% (2024 est.)
Military and Security: Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2025
2% of GDP (2025 est.)
Military and Security: Military service age and obligation
17 years of age for men and women for voluntary military service (with parental consent); 16 years of age for Reserve and Military College applicants; Canadian citizenship or permanent residence status required; service obligation 3-9 years depending on the position (2025)
People and Society: Age structure: 0-14 years
15.5% (male 3,098,478/female 2,929,148)
People and Society: Age structure: 15-64 years
63.4% (male 12,382,422/female 12,227,512)
People and Society: Age structure: 65 years and over
21% (2024 est.) (male 3,753,829/female 4,403,424)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: beer
3.5 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: other alcohols
0.4 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: spirits
2.1 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: total
8 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Alcohol consumption per capita: wine
2 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
People and Society: Birth rate
9.12 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
People and Society: Current health expenditure
11.31% (2024 est.)
People and Society: Currently married women (ages 15-49)
51.6% (2021 est.)
People and Society: Death rate
7.75 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: elderly dependency ratio
33.9 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: potential support ratio
2.9 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio
57.7 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Dependency ratios: youth dependency ratio
23.8 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: improved: rural
rural: 99.1% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: improved: total
total: 99.2% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: improved: urban
urban: 99.3% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: unimproved: rural
rural: 0.9% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: unimproved: total
total: 0.8% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Drinking water source: unimproved: urban
urban: 0.7% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Education expenditure: Education expenditure (% GDP)
4.9% of GDP (2022 est.)
People and Society: Education expenditure: Education expenditure (% national budget)
10.7% national budget (2022 est.)
People and Society: Education expenditures
4.84% (2022 est.)
People and Society: Ethnic groups
Canadian 15.6%, English 14.7%, Scottish 12.1%, French 11%, Irish 12.1%, German 8.1%, Chinese 4.7%, Italian 4.3%, First Nations 1.7%, Indian 3.7%, Ukrainian 3.5%, Metis 1.5% (2021 est.)
People and Society: Gross reproduction rate
0.7 (2025 est.)
People and Society: Health expenditure: Health expenditure (as % of GDP)
11.2% of GDP (2022)
People and Society: Health expenditure: Health expenditure (as % of national budget)
19.5% of national budget (2022 est.)
People and Society: HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate
0.10% (2022 est.)
People and Society: Hospital bed density
2.5 beds/1,000 population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Infant mortality rate: female
4 deaths/1,000 live births
People and Society: Infant mortality rate: male
4.5 deaths/1,000 live births
People and Society: Infant mortality rate: total
4.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)
People and Society: Languages: Languages
English (official) 87.1%, French (official) 29.1%, Chinese languages 4.2%, Spanish 3.2%, Punjabi 2.6%, Arabic 2.4%, Tagalog 2.3%, Italian 1.5% (2022 est.)
People and Society: Languages: major-language sample(s)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. (English) The World Factbook, une source indispensable d'informations de base. (French)
People and Society: Life expectancy at birth: female
84.3 years (2024 est.)
People and Society: Life expectancy at birth: male
80.0 years (2024 est.)
People and Society: Major urban areas - population
6.372 million Toronto, 4.308 million Montreal, 2.657 million Vancouver, 1.640 million Calgary, 1.544 million Edmonton, 1.437 million OTTAWA (capital) (2023)
People and Society: Maternal mortality ratio
12 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
People and Society: Median age: female
43.8 years
People and Society: Median age: male
41.4 years
People and Society: Mother's mean age at first birth
29.4 years (2019 est.)
People and Society: Nationality: adjective
Canadian
People and Society: Net migration rate
5.91 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
People and Society: Obesity - adult prevalence rate
29.4% (2016)
People and Society: Physician density
2.82 physicians/1,000 population (2023)
People and Society: Population
41,288,599 (2024 est.)
People and Society: Population distribution
vast majority of the population lives in a discontinuous band within approximately 300 km (186 mi) of the southern border with the United States; the most populated province is Ontario, followed by Quebec and British Columbia
People and Society: Population growth rate
0.73% (2025 est.)
People and Society: Population: female
19,671,739
People and Society: Population: male
19,515,416
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: improved: rural
rural: 98.8% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: improved: total
total: 98.6% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: improved: urban
urban: 98.6% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: unimproved: rural
rural: 1.2% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: unimproved: total
total: 1.4% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sanitation facility access: unimproved: urban
urban: 1.4% of population (2022 est.)
People and Society: School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): female
17 years (2022 est.)
People and Society: School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): male
15 years (2022 est.)
People and Society: School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total
16 years (2022 est.)
People and Society: Sex ratio: 0-14 years
1.06 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: 15-64 years
1.01 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: 65 years and over
0.85 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: at birth
1.05 male(s)/female
People and Society: Sex ratio: total population
0.98 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
People and Society: Tobacco use: female
8% (2025 est.)
People and Society: Tobacco use: male
12.3% (2025 est.)
People and Society: Tobacco use: total
10.1% (2025 est.)
People and Society: Total fertility rate
1.25 children born/woman (2024 est.)
People and Society: Urbanization: rate of urbanization
0.95% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
People and Society: Urbanization: urban population
82.70% (2024 est.)
Space: Key space-program milestones
1959-1962 - launched first domestically built sounding rocket (Black Brant 1); first domestically designed and built satellite (Alouette) launched by US 1972-1973 - first domestic communications satellites (Anik A-1 and Anik A-2) launched by US, making Canada first country to employ satellites for domestic communications 1970s - began participating in US Space Shuttle (first Canadian in space on Shuttle in 1984) and US Mars probe/exploration programs 1995 - first Canadian-built, radar-capable remote sensing satellite (Radarsat-1) launched by US 2019 - began participating in US/NASA Lunar Gateway orbital station program; launched constellation of remote sensing satellites (RADARSAT Constellation Mission) 2020 - signed the US-led Artemis Accords for space exploration (active participant in planned Moon missions under the Artemis program)
Space: Space agency/agencies
Canadian Space Agency (CSA; established 1989) (2025)
Space: Space launch site(s)
developing commercial space port sites in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland (2025)
Space: Space program overview
has a national space strategy and a long history of developing space-related technologies; designs, builds, operates, and tracks communications, remote sensing (RS), multi-mission, and scientific/testing satellites; has an astronaut program; involved in the development and production of advanced communications systems, lunar rovers, planetary probes, robotics, sensors, and space telescopes; participates in international space programs, including the International Space Station, the Hubble Space Telescope, the Square Kilometer Array radio telescope, and the James Webb Space Telescope; Cooperating State of the ESA since 1979 and participates in a variety of ESA programs, such as the Copernicus Earth observation project; works with numerous foreign space agencies and commercial entities, including those of Argentina, Brazil, individual ESA and EU member states, Japan, India, and particularly the US; has an active commercial space sector (2025)
Terrorism: Terrorist group(s)
Hizballah; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)
Transnational Issues: Illicit drugs: USG identification
major precursor-chemical producer (2025)
Transnational Issues: Refugees and internally displaced persons: IDPs
1,981 (2024 est.)
Transnational Issues: Refugees and internally displaced persons: refugees
561,551 (2024 est.)
Transnational Issues: Refugees and internally displaced persons: stateless persons
8,166 (2024 est.)
Transportation: Airports
1,459 (2025)
Transportation: Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
C
Transportation: Heliports
506 (2025)
Transportation: Merchant marine: by type
bulk carrier 22, container ship 1, general cargo 78, oil tanker 15, other 600
Transportation: Merchant marine: total
716 (2023)
Transportation: Ports: key ports
Argentia, Canaport (St. John), Halifax, Hamilton, Montreal, New Westminster, Pond Inlet, Prince Rupert, Quebec, Sept Iles, St. John, Sydney, Thunder Bay, Toronto, Trois Rivieres, Vancouver, Victoria Harbor, Windsor
Transportation: Ports: large
4
Transportation: Ports: medium
14
Transportation: Ports: ports with oil terminals
59
Transportation: Ports: size unknown
59
Transportation: Ports: small
58
Transportation: Ports: total ports
284 (2024)
Transportation: Ports: very small
149
Transportation: Railways: standard gauge
49,422 km (2021) 1.435-m gauge
Transportation: Railways: total
49,422 km (2021) note: 129 km electrified (2021)
Warning: Some information might be outdated or incorrect, please check statistics before using(most of the economical stats are correct, its mostly the Population stats that are incorrect). Some dates are listed but some are missed, if you have any issues please report it to the Github at github.com.